语言学实用教程PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Human Language 1

1.1 Languages in the world 2

1.2 The birth of language—from Babel to babble 2

1.3 Definitions of language 4

1.4 Design features of human language 5

1.5 Animal communication and human language 8

1.6 Language as endowment and/or accomplishment 10

Summary 12

Workshop 13

Appreciation of linguistic research 15

Chapter 2 Linguistics as a Science 19

2.1 A brief history of linguistics 19

2.2 Focus of linguistic study 24

2.3 Branches of theoretical linguistics 26

2.4 Interdisciplinary studies 27

Summary 30

Workshop 31

Appreciation of linguistic research 33

Chapter 3 What Are the Sounds of Language?—Phonetics 36

3.1 The relationship between sounds and spellings 37

3.2 The definition of phonetics 39

3.3 The IPA system 40

3.4 The production of speech sounds 41

3.5 Classifications of speech sounds 43

Summary 49

Workshop 50

Appreciation of linguistic research 52

Chapter 4 What Are the Sound Systems of Language?—Phonology 55

4.1 Phone,phoneme and allophone 56

4.2 Minimal pairs 58

4.3 Phonological rules 58

4.4 Suprasegmental features 61

Summary 68

Workshop 69

Appreciation of linguistic research 72

Chapter 5 How Do Sounds Make up Words?—Morphology 75

5.1 The definition of"word" 75

5.2 The definition of morphology 77

5.3 Classification of morphemes 78

5.4 Derivational morphology 83

5.5 Inflectional morphology 89

5.6 The interaction between morphology and phonology 91

Summary 93

Workshop 94

Appreciation of linguistic research 96

Chapter 6 How Are Words and Phrases Organized into Sentences?—Syntax 99

6.1 Sentence,syntactic category and constituent 100

6.2 Tree diagrams 103

6.3 Heads and complements 107

6.4 Phrase structure rules 109

6.5 Surface structures and deep structures 115

6.6 Universal Grammar 120

Summary 122

Workshop 122

Appreciation of linguistic research 124

Chapter 7 How Do Words and Sentences Convey Meaning?—Semantics 127

7.1 The classification of meaning 128

7.2 Componential analysis 135

7.3 Sense relation 137

7.4 Collocations 151

7.5 Metaphors 156

7.6 Metonymy 158

Summary 159

Workshop 161

Appreciation of linguistic research 165

Chapter 8 What Is the Study of Meaning by Language?—Pragmatics 168

8.1 Distinction of pragmatics 168

8.2 Pragmatic meaning 170

8.3 Speech act 173

8.4 Conversation and interaction 178

Summary 185

Workshop 186

Appreciation of linguistic research 188

References 191

Workshop Key 195

Glossary 201

Subject Index 208