普通语言学教程 英文版PDF电子书下载

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER I. A brief survey of the history of linguistics. 1

CHAPTER II. Data and aims of linguistics: connexions with related sciences. 6

CHAPTER III. The object of study. 8

1.On defining a ianguage 8

Preface by Halliday 11

2.Linguistic structure: its place among the facts of language 11

王宗炎序 12

3.Languages and their place in human affairs Semiology 15

Preface by Chomsky 15

CHAPTER IV. Linguistics of language structure and linguistics of speech 18

CHAPTER V. Internal and external elements of a language 21

沈家煊序 22

1.Why it is necessary to study this topic 24

CHAPTER VI. Representation of a language by writing. 24

2.The prestige of writing :reasons for its ascendancy over the spoken word 24

导读 25

3.Systems of writing 26

4.Causes of inconsistency between spelling and pronunciation 27

5.Consequences of this inconsistency 29

CHAPTER VII. Physiological phonetics. 32

1.Definition of the subject 32

2.Transcription 33

3.Writingasas evidence 34

APPENDIX PRINCIPPES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PHONETICS 39

CHAPTER I. Sound types. 39

1.On defining speech sounds 39

2.The vocal apparatus and how it works 41

Translator s Introduction 41

3.Classification of sounds by oral articulation 44

Preface to the First Edition 49

1.Necessity of studying sounds in spoken sequences 50

CHAPTER II. Sounds in spoken sequences. 50

2.Adduction and abduction 52

Preface to the Third Edition 52

Preface to the Second Edition 52

3.Combinations of adduction and abduction in the spoken sequence 54

4.Syllabic boundaries and vocalic peaks 57

5.Criticism of theories of syllabification 58

6.Duration of adduction and abduction 59

7.Sounds of aperture 4 Diphthongs Questions of spelling Editorial note 62

1.Sign,signification,signal 65

CHAPTER I. Nature of the linguistic sign. 65

PART ONE GENERAL PRINCIPLES 65

2.First principle: the sign is arbitrary 67

3.Second principle: linear character of the signal 69

CHAPTER II. Invariability and variability of the sign. 71

1.Invariability 71

2.Variability 74

CHAPTER III. Static linguistics and evolutionary linguistics. 79

1.Internal duality of all sciences concerned with values 79

2.Internal duality and the history of linguistics 81

3.Examples of internal duality 83

4.Difference between the two orders illustrated by comparisons 87

5.Synchronic and diachronic linguistics. Their methods and principles contrasted 89

6.Synchronic laws and diachronic laws 90

7.Is there a panchronic point of view? 94

8.Consequences of the confusion of synchrony with diachrony 94

9.Conclusions 96

PART TWO SYNCHRONIC LINGUISTICS 99

CHAPTER I. General observations. 99

1.Entities and units Definitions 101

CHAPTER II. Concrete entities of a language. 101

2.Methods of delimitation 102

3.Practical difficulties of delimitation 103

4.Conclusion 105

CHAPTER III. Identities, realities, oalues. 106

CHAPTER IV. Linguistic value. 110

1.The language as thought organised in sound 110

2.Linguistic value: conceptual aspects 112

3. Linguistic value: material aspects 116

4.The sign as a whole 118

1.Definitions 121

CHAPTER V. Syntagmatic relations and associative relations. 121

2.Syntagmatic relations 122

3.Associative relations 123

1.Syntagmatic interdependences 126

2.Simultaneous functioning of both types of group 127

1.Their nature and purpose 127

3.Absolute arbitrariness and relative arbitrariness 130

CHAPTER VIIl. Grammar and its subdivisions. 133

1.Definitions. Traditional divisions 133

2.Rational divisions 135

CHAPTER VIII. Abstract entities in grammar 136

CHAPTER VI. The language mechanism. 136

PART THREE DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS 139

CHAPTER I. General observations. 139

CHAPTER II. Sound changes 143

1.Their absolute regularity 143

2.Conditioning of sound changes 143

3.Methodological considerations 145

4.Causes of sound change 145

5.The scope of sound change is unpredictable 150

1.Breaking grammatical links 152

CHAPTER III. Grammatical consequences of phonetic evolution. 152

2.Obliteration of word-composition 153

3.There are no phonetic doublets 154

4.Alternation 155

5.Laws of alternation 157

6.Alternation and grammatical link 159

1.Definition and examples 160

CHAPTER IV.Analogy. 160

2.Analogies are not changes 162

3.Analogy as the creative principle in languages 164

CHAPTER V. Analogy and evolution 167

1.How an analogical innovation enters the language 167

2.Analogical innovations as symptoms of changes in interpretation 168

3.Analogy as a principle of renovation and conservation 170

CHAPTER VI. Popular etymology. 172

CHAPTER VII. Agglutination. 175

1.Definition 175

2.Agglutination and analogy 176

CHAPTER VIII. Diachronic units, identities and realities. 178

APPENDICES 182

A. Subjective and objective analysis 182

B. Subjective analysis and determination of units smaller than the word 183

C. Etymology 187

PART FOUR GEOGRAPHICAL LINGUISTICS 189

CHAPTER I. On the diversity of languages, 189

CHAPTER II. Geographical diversity: its complexity. 192

1.Coexistence of several languages in the same place 192

2.Literary language and local dialect 193

CHAPTER III. Causes of geographical diversity. 196

1.Time, the essential cause 196

2.Linguistic areas affected by time 198

3.Dialects have no natural boundaries 200

4.Languages have no natural boundaries 202

CHAPTER IV. Propagation of linguistic waves. 204

1.Force of intercourse and parochialism 204

2.A single principle underlying both forces 206

3.Linguistic differentiation in separate areas 206

PART FIVE QUESTIONS OF RETROSPEOTIVE LINGUISTICS CONCLUSION 211

CHAPTER I. The two perspectives of diachronic linguistics. 211

CHAPTER II. Earliest languages and prototypes. 214

CHAPTER III. Reconstructions. 217

2.Degree of certainty of reconstructions 219

CHAPTER IV. Linguistic evidence in anthropology and prehistory 221

1.Languages and races 221

2.Ethnicity 222

3.Linguistic paleontology 223

4.Linguistic types and group mentality 225

CHAPTER V. Language families and linguistic types 227

Index 231

文件索引 237