契约法 第4版PDF电子书下载

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The Scope of the Law of Contract 1

1.3 The Basis of the Law of Contract 3

1.4 Contract,Tort and Restitution 6

1.5 Contract and Empirical Work 7

1.6 A European Contract Law? 8

Preface to the Fourth Edition 9

Table of Cases 10

1.7 An International Contract Law? 10

1.8 The Role of National Contract Law in a Global Economy 12

1.9 Contract Law and Human Rights 13

Part Ⅰ THE FORMATION AND SCOP OF A CONTRACT 17

2.1 Who Decides that an Agreement has been Reached? 19

2 Agreement:Clearing the Ground 19

2.2 A Residual Role for a Subjective Approach? 22

2.3 The Objective Test 25

2.4 Has Agreement been Reached? 26

Summary 29

Exercises 30

3 Offer and Acceptance 31

Table of Statutes 32

3.1 Offer and Invitation to Treat 32

3.2 Display of Goods for Sale 34

3.3 Advertisements 36

3.4 Auction Sales 37

3.5 Tenders 38

3.6 Time-tables and Vending Machines 41

3.7 Acceptance 42

3.8 Communication of the Acceptance 42

3.9 Acceptance in Ignorance of the Offer 43

3.10 Prescribed Method of Acceptance 44

3.11 Acceptance by Silence 45

3.12 Exceptions to the Rule Requiring Communication of Acceptance 47

3.13 Acceptance in Unilateral Contracts 50

3.14 Termination of the Offer 51

3.15 The Limits of Offer and Acceptance 53

Exercises 55

Summary 55

4 Certainty and Agreement Mistakes 57

4.1 Certainty 57

4.2 Vagueness 63

4.3 Incompleteness 63

4.4 A General Rule? 65

4.5 A Restitutionary Approach? 65

4.6 Mistake Negativing Consent 67

Summary 72

Exercises 73

5 Consideration and Form 74

5.1 Requirements of Form 74

5.2 Consideration Defined 79

5.3 The Many Functions of Consideration 81

5.4 Consideration and Motive 82

5.5 The Scope of the Doctrine 82

5.6 Consideration Must Be Sufficient but It Need Not Be Adequate 83

5.7 Trivial Acts 83

5.8 Intangible Returns 84

5.9 Compromise and Forbearance to Sue 87

5.10 Performance of a Duty Imposed by Law 88

5.11 Performance of a Contractual Duty Owed to the Promisor 90

5.12 Practical Benefit 93

5.13 Consideration and Duress 95

5.14 Alternative Analyses 97

5.15 Part Payment of a Debt 98

5.16 Performance of a Duty Imposed by Contract with a Third Party 100

5.18 Past Consideration 101

5.17 Conceptions of Value 101

5.19 Consideration Must Move from the Promisee 103

5.20 Reliance Upon Non-bargain Promises 104

5.21 The Role of Consideration 106

5.22 Estoppel 108

5.23 Estoppel by Representation 110

5.24 Waiver and Variation 111

5.25 Promissory Estoppel 112

5.26 Estoppel by Convention 114

5.27 Proprietary Estoppel 115

5.28 The Relationship between Estoppel and Consideration 117

5.29 Conclusion:The Future of Consideration 121

Summary 123

Exercises 124

6 Intention to Create Legal Relations 125

6.1 Introduction 125

6.2 Balfour v.Balfour 126

6.3 Rebutting the Presumption 127

6.4 Domestic and Social Agreements 127

6.5 Commercial Agreements 130

Exercises 131

Summary 131

7 Third Party Rights 133

7.1 Introduction 133

7.2 Privity in Operation 134

7.3 Privity and Consideration 137

7.4 Criticisms of the Doctrine of Privity 140

7.5 The Contracts(Rights of Third Parties)Act 1999 140

7.6 The Intention Test 141

7.8 The Remedies Available to the Third Party 146

7.7 No Consideration Required 146

7.9 Variation and Cancellation 147

7.10 The Defences Available to the Promisor 149

7.11 Avoiding Double Liability 150

7.12 Exceptions to the New Third Party Right of Action 151

7.13 Preserving Existing Exceptions 152

7.14 Rights of the Promisee 152

7.15 Collateral Contracts 158

7.16 Agency 159

7.17 The Trust Concept 160

7.18 The Role of the Law of Tort 162

7.19 Assignment 165

7.20 Negotiable Instruments 165

7.21 Statutory Exceptions 166

7.22 A Further Common Law Exception? 167

7.23 Interference with Contractual Rights 167

7.24 Conclusion 169

Summary 170

Exercises 171

Part Ⅱ THE CONTENT OF A CONTRACT 173

8 What is a Term? 175

8.1 What is a Term? 175

8.2 Verification 176

8.3 Importance 176

8.4 Special Knowledge 177

8.5 The Consequences of the Distinction Between a Term and a Mere Representation 177

8.6 Can a Representation be Incorporated into a Contract as a Term? 178

Exercises 179

Summary 179

9 The Sources of Comtractual Terms 181

9.1 Introduction 181

9.2 The Parol Evidence Rule 181

9.3 Bound by Your Signature? 183

9.4 Incorporation of Written Terms 188

9.5 Incorporation by a Course of Dealing 191

9.6 Interpretation 193

9.7 Rectification 200

9.8 Implied Terms 202

Summary 205

Exercises 206

10 The Classification of Contractual Terms 207

10.1 The Classification of Terms 207

10.2 What is a Condition ? 208

10.3 Distinguishing Between a Condition and a Warranty 208

10.4 The Need for Change? 212

10.5 Innominate Terms 216

Summary 218

Exercises 219

11 Exclusion Clauses 220

11.1 Exclusion Clauses:Defence or Definition? 220

11.2 The Functions of Exclusion Clauses 222

11.3 An Outline of the Law 222

11.4 Incorporation 223

11.5 Construction of Exclusion Clauses 223

11.6 Negligence Liability 226

11.7 Fundamental Breach 229

11.9 The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 231

11.8 Other Common Law Controls upon Exclusion Clauses 231

11.10 Negligence Liability 232

11.11 Liability for Breach of Contract 237

11.12 Indemnity Clauses 242

11.13 Attempts at Evasion 242

11.14 The Reasonableness Test 244

11.15 Excepted Contracts 247

11.16 Conclusion 247

Summary 248

Exercises 249

Part Ⅲ POLICING THE CONTRACT 251

12 A Duty to Disclose Material Facts? 253

12.1 Introduction 253

12.2 Snatching at a Bargain 254

12.3 Representation by Conduct 255

12.4 Representation Falsified by Later Events 256

12.8 A Duty of Disclosure in Tort? 257

12.7 Fiduciary Relationships 257

12.6 Contracts Uberrimae Fidei 257

12.5 Statement Literally True but Misleading 257

12.9 The Role of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 258

12.10 Conclusion 259

Summary 264

Exercises 264

13 Misrepresentation 266

13.1 Introduction 266

13.2 What is a Misrepresentation? 267

13.3 A Statement of Existing Fact(or Law?) 268

13.4 Addressed to the Party Misled 270

13.5 Inducement 271

13.6 The Types of Misrepresentation 273

13.7 Remedies 279

13.8 Rescission 280

13.9 Damages 282

13.10 Excluding Liability for Misrepresentation 286

Summary 287

Exercises 288

14.1 Introduction 289

14 Common Mistake and frustration 289

14.2 Common Mistake 291

14.3 Mistake as to the Existence of the Subject-matter of the Contract 292

14.4 Mistake as to Identity of the Subject-matter 295

14.5 Mistake as to the Possibility of Performing the Contract 295

14.6 Mistake as to Quality 296

14.7 Mistake in Equity 298

14.8 Frustration 301

14.9 Frustration,Force Majeure and Hardship 302

14.10 Frustration:A Sterile Doctrine? 305

14.11 Impossibility 305

14.12 Frustration of Purpose 306

14.13 Illegality 308

14.14 Express Provision 308

14.15 Foreseen and Forsecable Events 309

14.16 Self-Induced Frustration 310

14.17 The Effects of Frustration 313

14.18 Conclusion 317

Summary 319

Exercises 320

15 Illegality 321

15.1 Introduction 321

15.2 Some Difficulties of Classification 322

15.3 Illegality in Performance 323

15.4 Statutory Illegality 325

15.5 Gaming and Wagering Contracts 326

15.6 Illegality at Common Law 326

15.8 Contracts Prejudicial to Family Life 327

15.7 Contracts Contrary to Good Morals 327

15.9 Contracts to Commit a Crime or a Civil Wrong 328

15.10 Contracts Prejudicial to the Administration of Justice 329

15.11 Contracts Prejudicial to Public Relations 329

15.12 Contracts in Restraint of Trade 330

15.13 Contracts of Employment 331

15.14 Contracts for the Sale of a Business 332

15.15 Restrictive Trading and Analogous Agreements 332

15.16 The Scope of Public Policy 333

15.17 The Effects of Illegality 334

15.18 The Recovery of Money or Property 335

15.19 Severance 341

Summary 342

Exercises 342

16 Capacity 344

16.1 Introduction 344

16.2 Minors 344

16.3 Mental Incapacity and Drunkenness 348

16.4 Companies 349

Exercises 350

Summary 350

17 Duress,Undue Influence,and Inequality of Bargaining Power 351

17.1 Introduction 351

17.2 Cnmmon Law Duress 351

17.3 Undue Influence 357

17.4 Inequality of Bargaining Power 360

17.5 The Role of Parliament 362

17.6 The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 363

17.7 A General Doctrine of Unconscionability? 370

Summary 372

Exercises 373

Part Ⅳ PERFORMANCE,DISCHARGE AND REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT 375

18 Performance and Discharge of the Contract 377

18.1 Performance 377

18.2 Discharge of the Contract 378

18.3 Discharge by Performance 378

18.5 Discharge by Operation of Law 379

Summary 379

18.4 Discharge by Agreement 379

Exercises 380

19 Breach of Contract 381

19.1 Introduction:Breach Defined 381

19.2 When Does Breach Occur? 382

19.3 The Consequences of Breach 383

19.4 Damages 383

19.5 Enforcement by the Party in Breach 383

19.6 The Right to Terminate Performance of the Contract 384

19.7 The Prospective Nature of Breach 385

19.8 The Right of Election 386

19.9 Anticipatory Breach 390

Summary 393

Exercises 393

20 Damages for Breach of Contract 395

20.1 Introduction 395

20.2 Compensation and the Different Interests 395

20.3 The Expectation Interest 397

20.4 The Restitution Interest 402

20.5 Failure of Consideration and Enrichment by Subtraction 403

20.6 Enrichment by Wrongdoing 405

20.7 Reliance Interest 411

20.8 The Date of Assessment 413

20.9 The Commitment to the Protection of the Expectation Interest 413

20.10 Mitigation 413

20.11 Remoteness 415

20.12 Causation 418

20.13 Damages for Pain and Suffering and the Consumer Surplus 420

Summary 423

20.14 Conclusion 423

Exercises 424

21 Obtaining an Adequate Remedy 425

21.1 Introduction 425

21.2 The Entire Obligations(or Contracts )Rule 426

21.3 The Creation of Conditions 428

21.4 A Claim in Debt 428

21.5 Liquidated Damages 429

21.6 Evading the Penalty Clause Rule 433

21.7 Deposits and Part Payments 435

21.8 Liquidated Damages,Penalty Clauses and Forfeitures:An Assessment 439

21.9 Specific Performance 441

21.10 Injunctions 446

21.11 Damages in Lieu of Specific Performance 446

21.12 Conclusion 446

Summary 447

Exercises 448

Bibliography 451

Index 458