儿童智慧的起源 英文 5PDF电子书下载

THE BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM OF INTELLIGENCE 1

1．The Functional Invariants of Intelligence and Bio-logical Organization 3

2．Functional Invariants and the Categories of Reason 8

3．Hereditary Structures and Theories of Adaptation 13

Part Ⅰ ELEMENTARY SENSORIMOTOR ADAPTATIONS 21

Ⅰ．THE FIRST STAGE:THE USE OF REFLEXES 23

1．Sucking Reflexes 25

2．The Use of Reflexes 29

3．Assimilation:Basi Fact of Psychic Life 42

Ⅱ．THE SECOND STAGE:THE FIRST ACQUIRED ADAPTA-TIONS AND THE PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTION 47

1．Acquired Sucking Habits 49

2．Vision 62

3．Phonat-on and Hearing 76

4．Prehension 88

5．The First Acquired Adaptations:Conclu-sions 122

Part Ⅱ THE INTENTIONAL SENSORIMOTOR ADAPTATIONS 145

Ⅲ．THE THIRD STAGE:THE"SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS"AND THE PROCEDURES DESTINED TO MAKE INTERESTING SIGHTS LAST 153

1．The"Secondary Circular Reactions"—Ⅰ.The Facts and Reproductive Assimilations 157

2．The Secondary Circular Reactions—Ⅱ.Ac-commodation and Organization of the Sche-mata 174

3．Recognitory Assimilation and the System of Meanings 185

4．Generalizing Assimilation and the Constitu-tion of"Procedures to Make Interesting Spec-tacles Last" 196

Ⅳ．THE FOURTH STAGE:THE CO？RDINATION OF THE SECONDARY SCHEMATA AND THEIR APPLICATION TO NEW SITUATIONS 210

1．The"Application of Familiar Schemata to New Situations"—Ⅰ.The Facts 212

2．The"Application of Familiar Schemata to New Situations"—Ⅱ.Commentary 225

3．Assimilation,Accommodation and Organiza-tion Peculiar to the Mobile Schemata 236

4．The Recognition of Signs and Their Utili-zation in Prevision 247

5．The Exploration of New Objects and Phe-nomena and the"Derived"Secondary Reac-tions 253

Ⅴ．THE FIFTH STAGE:THE"TERTIARY CIRCULAR RE-ACTION"AND THE"DISCOVERY OF NEW MEANS THROUGH ACTIVE EXPERIMENTATION" 263

1．The Tertiary Circular Reaction 265

2．The Discovery of New Means by Experimen-tation—Ⅰ.The"Sting"and the"Stick" 279

3．The Discovery of New Means Through Ac-tive Experimentation—Ⅱ.Other Examples 305

4．The Discovery of New Means Through Ac-tive Experimentation—Ⅲ.Conclusions 320

Ⅵ．THE SIXTH STAGE:THE INVENTION OF NEW MEANS THROUGH MENTAL COMBINATIONS 331

1．The Facts 333

2．Invention and Representation 341

Conclusions "SENSORIMOTOR"OR"PRACTICAL"IN-TELLIGENCE AND THE THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE 357

1．Associationist Empiricism 359

2．Vitalistic Intellectualism 369

3．Apriority and the Psychology of Form 376

4．The Theory of Groping 395

5．The Theory of Assimilation 407

Index 421