Bituminous Materials in Road ConstructionPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1．INTRODUCTION 1

Historical survey 1

Scope of the book 2

The properties of bituminous materials 3

The structure of flexible roads 5

Control of the quality of bituminous road surfacings 7

Miscellaneous aspects of bituminous road surfacings 7

References 8

CHAPTER 2．ROADMAKING AGGREGATES 9

Classification and nomenclature 9

The effect of production processes on the quality of aggregates 12

The testing of aggregates 14

Applications of test results 18

Summary 21

References 21

CHAPTER 3．THE ORIGIN，PREPARATION AND CONSTITUTION OF BITUMINOUS ROAD BINDERS 23

Introduction 23

The origin and preparation of road tar 23

The origin and preparation of road bitumen(including natural asphalt) 29

The chemical constitution of road tars and bitumens 37

Appendix 3．A．Summary of requirements for road tar，road bitumen and lake asphalt in British and other Standards(1959) 41

Summary 50

References 50

CHAPTER 4．BITUMINOUS ROAD EMULSIONS 53

Introduction 53

Emulsions，emulsifiers and stabilizers 53

The preparation and application of emulsions 56

Mechanism of breaking of emulsions in surface dressings 59

General characteristics of road emulsions 61

Uses of emulsions in road construction and maintenance 64

Rubberized bitumen emulsions 66

Summary 66

References 67

CHAPTER 5．THE ADHESION OF BITUMINOUS BINDERS TO ROAD AGGREGATES 68

Introduction 68

Adhesion in the absence of water 68

The incidence of water in bituminous surfacings 69

Types of adhesion failure caused by water 70

Fundamental properties of the binder/stone/water system 72

The mechanism of stripping and of adhesion failure 74

Adhesion tests 77

Methods of improving adhesion 82

Appendix 5．A．The static immersion test 84

Appendix 5．B．The Road Research Laboratory immersion wheeltracking test 85

Summary 87

References 87

Bibliography 88

CHAPTER 6．THE RHEOLOGY OF BITUMINOUS BINDERS 89

Introduction 89

Viscosity 89

Non-linear flow properties 107

Elastic properties 109

Visco-elastic behaviour of bitumens：an approximate treatment 114

Ductility and brittleness 119

Summary 121

References 121

CHAPTER 7．THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES 125

Introduction 125

Dense and open-textured bituminous mixtures 125

Resistance of bituminous mixtures to permanent deformation 129

Flexibility and brittleness 148

Common mechanical tests for bituminous materials 153

The value of mechanical tests 169

Appendix 7．A．Determination of apparent specific gravity and voids(B．S．598) 170

Percentage of voids in the aggregate filled with binder 173

Summary 173

References 173

Bibliography 175

CHAPTER 8．THE WEATHERING OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS 176

Introduction 176

The action of weather on different types of bituminous road surfacing 176

The methods of studying durability 178

The influence of the composition of the bituminous mixture on its durability 179

Full-scale road experiments on the durability of coated-macadam wearing courses 180

Full-scale road experiments on the durability and surface texture of dense bituminous surfacings 183

Factors affecting the durability of bituminous binders 185

Durability tests 195

The improvement of the performance of bituminous binders 200

Appendix 8．A．The apparatus and procedure for the pressure oxidation test using the e．v．t．method of measurement 204

Summary 206

References 206

CHAPTER 9．THE DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE ROAD PAVEMENTS 210

Introduction 210

The constituents of flexible pavements 210

Types of flexible pavement 210

The requirements for the road pavement 211

The stresses in road structures 212

Empirical methods of pavement design 218

Recommendations for the structural design of new flexible pavements 223

Full-scale pavement design experiments 224

The design of hard shoulders 230

Summary 231

References 231

CHAPTER 10．COATED MACADAM AND FINE COLD ASPHALT 233

Introduction 233

Development and general properties of coated macadam 233

Basecourse and single-course coated macadam 235

Wearing course coated macadam 240

Coated macadam as a road base 245

Fine cold asphalt 246

Appendix 10．A．Summary of requirements for coated macadam in British Standards and related specifications 247

Summary 256

References 256

CHAPTER 11．DENSE BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS 258

A．ROLLED ASPHALT 258

Introduction 258

Nature of rolled asphalt 258

Advantages of rolled asphalt as a surfacing material 260

Selection of composition 261

Application of coated chippings to the surface 267

Resistance to skidding 269

Basecourse material 270

Rolled asphalt as a road base material 271

Thin-application rolled asphalt 272

Laying of rolled asphalt 272

Cracking of asphalt on concrete 274

Rolled asphalt for tracked vehicles 274

Coloured rolled asphalt 274

B．DENSE TAR SURFACING 275

Introduction 275

Laboratory design of dense tar surfacing 275

Full-scale road experiments 281

The commercial use of dense tar surfacing 286

Summary 290

References 290

Bibliography 291

CHAPTER 12．SURFACE DRESSING 292

Introduction 292

The functions and requirements of a surface dressing 293

The factors affecting the quality and life of surface dressings 294

The binder 294

The chippings 297

The external conditions 299

The application of the materials 301

Surface dressing of non-bituminous surfacings 310

Surface dressing with emulsion binder 311

Surface dressing under difficult conditions 312

Summary 314

References 315

Bibliography 315

CHAPTER 13．PREVENTION OF WET-WEATHER DAMAGE TO SURFACE DRESSINGS 316

Introduction 316

Methods of preventing wet-weather damage 317

Details of methods of preventing wet-weather damage to surface dressings 323

Appendix 13．A．Specification for the solution of an adhesion agent in light creosote oil for use in surface dressing in wet weather 331

Appendix 13．B．The Road Research Laboratory immersion tray test 332

Summary 333

References 333

CHAPTER 14．SURFACE DRESSING MACHINERY 334

Binder distributors 334

Fire precautions on pressure sprayers 348

Gritting machines 350

Rollers for surface dressing 354

Summary 355

References 355

CHAPTER 15．COATED-MACADAM AND ASPHALT MIXING PLANTS 357

Introduction 357

General types of mixing plant 357

The feeding system 362

The drying and heating system 363

The screening system 367

Proportioning and batching of aggregate 372

Proportioning of filler 377

Heating and proportioning of binder 378

Mixing units 386

Storage of mixed materials 392

Dust collection 393

Temperature control 398

Summary 402

References 402

CHAPTER 16．MACHINERY FOR THE LAYING OF BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS 403

Introduction 403

Heating-and-planing machinery 403

Spreading machinery 406

Rollers and rolling 412

Summary 414

References 414

Bibliography 415

CHAPTER 17．WET-AGGREGATE PROCESSES FOR MAKING BITUMINOUS ROAD SURFACINGS 416

Introduction 416

Coating wet aggregates with bitumen emulsion 417

Coating wet aggregates with binders containing adhesion agents 419

The wet-aggregate(hydrated lime)process 422

Appendix 17．A．Compositions of mixed materials for the wet-aggregate(hydrated lime)process 428

Appendix 17．B．Test procedure for use with the wet-aggregate(hydrated lime)process 434

Summary 437

References 437

CHAPTER 18．BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS FOR CITY STREETS 439

Introduction 439

Rolled asphalt 440

Mastic asphalt 440

Compressed natural rock asphalt 443

Unheated natural-rock-asphalt powder with coated chippings—＇rock(non-skid)asphalt＇ 445

Lake asphalt sand carpet with contiguous coated chippings 447

Dense tar surfacing and fine cold asphalt 448

Appendix 18．A．Naturally occurring bitumen 450

Appendix 18．B．The treatment of granite setts and wood blocks 452

Summary 453

References 453

Bibliography 454

CHAPTER 19．THE＇RETREAD＇PROCESS 455

Introduction 455

Materials suitable for the retread process 455

Method of carrying out the retread process 457

Summary 461

References 461

CHAPTER 20．THE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF BITUMINOUS ROAD MATERIALS 462

Introduction 462

Methods of sampling bituminous road mixtures 463

Determination of the proportions of binder，coarse and fine aggregate，filler and moisture 468

Recovery of binder for examination 482

Determination of apparent specific gravity and voids 485

Summary 489

References 490

CHAPTER 21．THE SAMPLING AND TESTING OF BITUMINOUS ROAD BINDERS 491

Introduction 491

Sampling of bituminous road binders 493

Tests for bitumens and tars 496

Tests for road emulsions 518

Appendix 21．A．Relationship between technical viscosity scales 521

Summary 524

References 525

CHAPTER 22．CONTROL IN THE MANUFACTURE AND LAYING OF BITUMINOUS ROAD MATERIALS 526

The need for control 526

Monetary savings due to control 527

Control of surface dressing work 530

Control when mixing and laying pre-mixed bituminous surfacings 534

Keeping of records 540

Summary 541

References 541

CHAPTER 23．THE PREVENTION AND CURE OF CRACKS IN BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS OVER CONCRETE 542

Introduction 542

The causes of cracking 542

The prevention of cracking 547

The treatment of cracked surfacings 553

Summary 554

References 555

CHAPTER 24．RUBBER IN BITUMINOUS ROAD MATERIALS 557

Introduction 557

Types of natural rubber used in bituminous road surfacings 558

The effects of rubber on the properties of bituminous binders 559

The effects of heat and mastication on rubber in bitumen 561

Methods of mixing rubber with road materials 563

Rubberized binders in surface dressing 564

Rubberized mastic asphalt 565

The use of rubber in rolled asphalt and bitumen macadam 567

Latex in bitumen emulsions 569

Rubberized slurry seals 569

Appendix 24．A．The determination of rubber content by iodine value and specific viscosity measurements 569

Summary 571

References 571

CHAPTER 25．ROAD-MARKING MATERIALS 574

Introduction 574

Types of road-marking material 574

Requirements of road-marking materials 575

Materials for centre-line and traffic-lane markings for roads other than city streets 576

Marking materials for city streets 585

Summary 587

References 588

CHAPTER 26．EQUIPMENT FOR A CENTRAL LABORATORY AND A MOBILE LABORATORY FOR THE TESTING OF BITUMINOUS ROAD MATERIALS 590

Introduction 590

Safety precautions 590

Equipment required 591

CHAPTER 27．DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 596

Introduction 596

Definitions 596

INDEX 601