The Building of The Human City A Documentary Record of Western CivilizationPDF电子书下载

One：Ancient Civilizations 1

Introduction 1

1．c．1900 B．C．：the dawn of man＇s written law 4

Hammurabi＇s CODE OF LAWS 4

2．c．1380 B．C．：＂Sole God，to whom no other is likened＂Ikhnaton＇s 6

HYMN TO THE SUN 6

3．c．1200 B．C．：the code of God＇s law 9

The Mosaic Law．FROM EXODUS，CHAPTERS 20 AND 21 9

4．490 B．C．：Greek freemen v．Persian despotism 13

Herodotus＇Description of the Battle of Marathon．FROM THE PERSIAN WARS 13

5．431 B．C．：a scientific concept of history 17

Thucydides on History．FROM THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR 17

6．431 B．C．：the golden age of Athens 19

Pericles＇Funeral Oration．THUCYDIDES，FROM THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR 19

7．330 B．C．：political society and the good life 23

Aristotle on the Nature of the State．FROM THE POLITICS 23

8．217 B．C．：the clash of Mediterranean interests 30

Livy＇s Description of the Roman Defeat at Lake Trasimenus．FROM THE HISTORY OF ROME 30

9．c．150 B．C．：the basis of Roman greatness 34

Polybius on the Roman Constitution．FROM THE HISTORIES 34

10．14 A．D．：the end of the Roman Republic 41

The Evolution of Rome from Republic to Empire．TACITUS，FROM THE ANNALS 41

11．c．100 A．D．：two lives and two civilizations 43

Plutarch＇s Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero．FROM THE PARALLEL LIVES 43

Two：Christianity：From Persecution to Establishment 49

Introduction 49

12．64 A．D．：early Christians under the Empire 51

Nero＇s Persecution of Roman Christians．TACITUS，FROM THE ANNALS 51

13．113：the spread of the new faith 53

Correspondence between Pliny and Trajan．PLINY，FROM THE LETTERS 53

14．c．175：popular distrust of the new religion 56

A Pagan＇s Description of Christian Services．FROM THE OCTAVIUS OF MINUCIUS FELIX 56

15．303：scapegoats of a declining Rome 58

Eusebius＇Description of the Diocletian Persecutions．FROM THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY 58

16．313：freedom of conscience in the Empire 61

THE EDICT OF MILAN 61

17．380：the establishment of Christianity 63

Edicts Proscribing Paganism．THE EDICTS DE FIDE CATHOLICA(THE CATHOLIC FAITH) 63

Three：Barbarian Invasions and the Early Middle Ages 66

Introduction 66

18．98 A．D．：the people beyond the Empire＇s frontier 68

Tacitus on the Early Germans．FROM THE GERMANIA 68

19．375：the invading Asiatic nomads 77

Ammianus Marcellinus on the Huns．FROM THE ROMAN HISTORY 77

20．413：the earthly and the heavenly cities 81

The Two Cities of St．Augustine．FROM THE CITY OF GOD 81

21．496：orthodoxy v．arianism 85

The Conversion of Clovis．GREGORY OF TOURS，FROM THE HISTORY OF THE FRANKS 85

22．530：the rise of monasticism 88

St．Benedict＇s Rules on Obedience and Hospitality．FROM THE RULE FOR MONASTERIES 88

23．c．800：emperor of Catholic Christendom 91

Einhard＇s Description of Charlemagne．FROM THE LIFE OF THE EMPEROR CHARLES 91

Four：Medieval Society and Civilization 96

Introduction 96

24．1059：free papal elections 98

The Lateran Decree．DECREE OF POPE NICHOLAS II 98

25．1095：religious fervor and adventure 100

Urban II Calls for a Crusade．THE ACCOUNT OF ROBERT THE MONK 100

26．1110-1278：the medieval social order 104

The Feudal Relationship．AN ACT OF HOMAGE AND ITS RECEPTION，1110 104

MANUMISSION OF SERF，1278 108

27．1122：lay investiture and ecclesiastical elections 109

The Concordat of Worms．THE PRONOUNCEMENT OF CALIXTUS II 109

THE PROMISE OF HENRY V 110

28．1215：English barons and royal authority 111

The Magna Charta．JUNE 15，1215 111

29．1215：the revival of learning 115

RULES FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS 115

30．c．1225：the troubandor of God 119

St．Francis＇＂Praises of the Creatures．＂HYMN TO BROTHER SUN 119

31．c．1260：the unity of truth 120

St．Thomas Aquinas，That the Philosopher and the Theologian Consider Creatures in Different Ways．FROM THE SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES 120

32．1295：＂let that which toucheth all be approved by all＂ 122

Summonses to the Model English Parliament．SUMMONS OF A BISHOP 122

SUMMONS OF A BARON 124

SUMMONS OF REPRESENTATIVES OF SHIRES AND TOWNS 124

33．1356：the election of the King of the Romans 125

＂THE GOLDEN BULL＂OF CHARLES IV 125

34．c．1380：the expanding horizon of the European world 128

Marco Polo＇s Description of the Great Khan＇s Palace．FROM THE TRAVELS 128

35．1381：the peasants＇revolt 130

Wat Tyler＇s Rebellion．FROM THE CHRONICLES OF SIR JOHN FROISSART 130

Five：Renaissance，Protestant Revolt，Catholic Reform 137

Introduction 137

36．1475-1564：the renaissance artist 140

Vasari＇s Description of Michelangelo．FROM LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT PAINTERS，SCULPTORS AND ARCHITECTS 140

37．1519：the priesthood of all believers 143

Luther＇s Appeal to the German Nobility．FROM AN ADDRESS TO THE CHRISTIAN NOBILITY OF THE GERMAN NATION ON THE REFORMATION OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 143

38．1529-1551：miracle or mystical union？ 146

Doctrinal Divergences on Transubstantiation．LUTHERAN POSITION，1529 146

CALVINIST POSITION，c．1535 147

CATHOLIC DEFINITION，155 149

39．1532：a handbook for renaissance rulers 151

Machiavelli＇s Advice to Despots．FROM THE PRINCE 151

40．1534：the establishment of a national church in England 157

THE ACT OF SUPREMACY 157

41．1536：voyages to discovery and the New World 158

Richard Hakluyt，the Voyage of M．Hore and Divers Other Gentlemen，to Newfoundland，and Cape Breton．FROM THE PRINCIPALL NAVIGATIONS，VOIAGES，AND DISCOVERIES OF THE ENGLISH NATION 158

42．1537：reform within the Catholic Church 162

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF NINE TO POPE PAUL III 162

Six：The Age of Genius and Dynastic Statecraft 166

Introduction 166

43．1598：the divine right of kings 168

James I on Divine Right Rule．FROM THE TREW LAW OF FREE MONARCHIES：OR THE RECIPROCK AND MUTUALL DUETIE BETWIXT A FREE KING，AND HIS NATURALL SUBJECTS 168

44．1610：the structure of the universe 172

Galileo＇s Observational Astronomy．FROM THE STARRY MESSENGER 172

45．1628：English guarantees against despotism 176

THE PETITION OF RIGHT 176

46．1629：wars of religion in Germany 180

THE EDICT OF RESTITUTION OF FERDINAND II 180

47．c．1670：the education of a seventeenth-century prince 182

Louis XIV＇s Instructions on Statecraft．LOUIS XIV，FROM HIS MEMOIRS 182

48．1687：the Ruler of the heavens 184

Isaac Newton on the Universe．FROM THE PRINCIPIA 184

49．1698：the＂westernizer＂of Russia 189

Bishop Burnet＇s Description of Peter and Great．FROM HISTORY OF MY OWN TIMES 189

50．1704：war for the Spanish throne 191

The Battle of Blenheim．THE DUEK OF SAINTSIMON，FROM HIS MEMOIRS 191

51．c．1760：first servant of the state 196

FREDERICK THE GREAT ON A KING＇S DUTIES 196

52．1798：the problem of overpopulation 199

The Malthusian Theory of Population．THOMAS MALTHUS，FROM AN ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION 199

53．1817：the commodity of labor 202

David Ricardo＇s＂Iron Law of Wages．＂FROM THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY 202

Seven：The French Revolution and Napoleon 207

Introduction 207

54．1789：＂the will of the people 210

＂The Oath of the Tennis Court．JUNE 20，1789 210

55．1789：the abolition of the feudal system 211

THE AUGUST 4TH REFORMS 211

56．1790：in defense of established order 215

Edmund Burke on the French Revolution．FROM REFLECTIONS ON THE REVOLUTION IN FRANCE 215

57．1790：creation of a fundamental division in France 220

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy．JULY 12，1790 220

58．1792：moving towards a republic 223

Thomas Paine＇s REPUBLICAN MANIFESTO 223

59．1792：foreign intervention 225

The Brunswick Manifesto．JULY 25，1792 225

60．1793：nobilization in defense of the Republic 230

The＂Levée en Masse．＂AUGUST 23，1793 230

61．1793：the Reign of Terror 232

The Law of Suspects．SEPTEMBER 17，1793 232

62．1796：general of the Republic 234

Napoleon to his Soldiers in Italy．HEADQUARTERS AT CHERASCO，7TH FLOREAL，YEAR IV[APRIL 26，1796] 234

63．1808：emperor of the French 236

Napoleon to the Spanish People．IMPERIAL CAMP AT MADRID，DECEMBER 7，1808 236

Eight：Nineteenth-Century Political and Social Development 236

Introduction 239

64．1815：peace by concerted action 241

The Quadruple Alliance．TREATY OF ALLIANCE AND FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AUSTRIA，PRUSSIA，AND RUSSIA．PARIS，NOVEMBER 20，1815 241

65．1832：constitutional revolt of the middle class 245

British Reform Act．AN ACT TO AMEND THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE IN ENGLAND AND WALES，JUNE 7，1832 245

66．1842：child labor and the industrial revolution 248

THE REPORT OF LORD ASHLEY＇S MINE COMMISSION 248

67．1848：the class struggle 251

Karl Marx＇s Protest against the＂Capitalistic System．＂FROM THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO 251

68．1852：＂the Empire means peace＂ 254

Louis Napoleon＇s＂Empire Speech＂at Bordeaux．OCTOBER 9，1852 254

69．1859：the survival of the fittest 256

The Darwinian Theory of Evolution．CHARLES DARWIN，FROM ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION 256

70．1861：the ideally best form of government 259

John Stuart Mill＇s Defense of Representative Democracy．FROM CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 259

71．1861：Russian social reform 265

Alexander II Frees the Serfs．MARCH 3，1861 265

72．1891：rights and duties of Capital and Labor 269

Rerum Novarum．MAY 15，1891 269

73．1911：limiting the Lords 275

The Parliament Bill．AN ACT TO MAKE PROVISIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE POWERS OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS IN RELATION TO THOSE OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS．．．，AUGUST 18，1911 275

Nine：Alliances and World War I 278

Introduction 278

74．1862：the rise of the German state 280

Bismarck＇s＂Blood and Iron＂Speech．SEPTEMBER 30，1862 280

75．1870：maneuvering for war 281

Bismarck＇s Alteration of the Ems Dispatch．FROM HIS REMINISCENCES 281

76．1871：the end of the Franco-Prussian War 286

The Treaty of Frankfurt．DEFINITIVE TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN FRANCE AND GERMANY．FRANKFURT，MAY 10，1871 286

77．1882：the building of power alliances 290

The Triple Alliance．FIRST TREATY OF ALLIANCE BETWEEN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY，GERMANY，AND ITALY．VIENNA，MAY 20，1882 290

78．1914：the coming of World War I 292

Austria＇s Ultimatum to Serbia．THE AUSTROHUNGARIAN MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO THE MINISTER AT BELGRADE．VIENNA，JULY 22，1914 292

79．1918：the conditions for peace 297

Woodrow Wilson＇s Fourteen Points．ADDRESS TO A JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS，JANUARY 8，1918 297

80．1919：international organization for world peace 300

THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 300

Ten：Background to World War II 306

Introduction 306

81．1917：the call for a social revolution 309

Soviet Workers＇Appeal to the Russian People．IZVESTIA，MARCH 13，1917 309

82．1917：the end of the Kerensky regime 310

The Bolsheviks Overthrow the Provisional Government．IZVESTIA，NOVEMBER 7，1917 310

83．1920：nationalism and socialism 313

The Early Program of the Nazi Party．THE TWENTY-FIVE POINTS，FEBRUARY 24，1920 313

84．1933：Nazi seizure of dictatorial powers 317

Hitler＇s Enabling Act．BERLIN．MARCH 24，1933 317

85．1935：the＂master race＂and anti-Semitism 319

The Nuremberg Laws of Race and Citizenship．SEPTEMBER 15，1935 319

86．1936：defense of＂parallel interests＂ 321

Mussolini＇s Speech Announcing the Rome-Berlin Axis．MILAN，NOVEMBER 1，1936 321

87．1937：modern ideologies 325

Pope Pius XI＇s Condemnation of Nazism and Communism．FROM MIT BRENNENDER SORGE，MARCH 14，1937 325

FROM DIVINI REDEMPTORIS，MARCH 19，1937 328

88．1938：＂peace for our time＂ 331

The Munich Agreement．SEPTEMBER 29，1938 331

89．1939：last step toward war 334

The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact．MOSCOW，AUGUST 23，1939 334

Eleven：The Tensions of Peace 336

Introduction 336

90．1941：allied war aims 339

The Atlantic Charter．AUGUST 14，1941 339

91．1945：organization for world peace and security 341

Selections from the United Nations Charter．OCTOBER 24，1945 341

92．1946：the threat of communist aggression 347

Winston Churchill＇s＂Iron Curtain＂Speech．WESTMINSTER COLLEGE，FULTON，MISSOURI，MARCH 5，1946 347

93．1946：the danger of atomic war 354

Bernard Baruch＇s Proposals for Control of Atomic Energy．PROPOSALS FOR AN INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY，JUNE 14，1946 354

94．1947：economic aid to Europe 358

Announcement of the Marshall Plan．EUROPEAN INITIATIVE ESSENTIAL TO EUROPEAN RECOVERY，JUNE 5，1947 358

95．1948：fundamental human freedoms 362

The Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man．DECEMBER 10，1948 362

96．1949：security in the North Atlantic 368

The North Atlantic Treaty．APRIL 4，1949 368

97．1958：the temper of the age 372

Charles Malik on Future Steps towards Peace．NOVEMBER 15，1958 372