Radiology Physics An Introductory Course For Medical Or Premedical Students and For All RadiologistsPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER Ⅰ．ALTERNATING CURRENTS 1

1．ELECTROMAGNETISM 1

2．ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 2

3．ALTERNATING CURRENTS (A．C．) 3

4．STRENGTH OF A．C 5

5．MEANING OF R．M．S 6

6．INDUCTIVE AND NON-INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS 6

7．IMPEDANCE AND INDUCTIVE REACTANCE 8

8．CAPACITATIVE REACTANCE 10

9．COMBINATION OF RESISTANCE AND CAPACITY 11

10．RESISTANCE，CAPACITY AND INDUCTANCE 11

11．PHASE DIFFERENCE 12

12．POWER FACTOR 14

13．CAPACITY AND PHASE DIFFERENCE 15

CHAPTER Ⅱ．PRODUCTION OF HIGH VOLTAGE．Part I 16

14．THE INDUCTION COIL 16

15．THE TRANSFORMER 18

16．INSULATION 20

17．EFFICIENCY AND POWER RATING OF TRANSFORMERS 20

18．TRANSFORMER RATING 21

19．RECTIFICATION 22

20．OPERATION OF TRANSFORMER WITH MECHANICAL RECTIFIER 24

21．NATURE OF TUBE CURRENT 24

22．POLARITY INDICATOR 25

CHAPTER Ⅲ．MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF HIGH TENSION VOLTAGE 27

23．SPARK-GAP METER 27

24．CORONA 29

25．PRIMARY VOLTMETER 29

26．ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETER 30

27．CURRENT THROUGH A HIGH RESISTANCE 32

28．THE SEEMAN SPECTORGRAPH 33

29．CONTROL OF TUBE VOLTAGE BY RHEOSTAT 33

30．VOLTAGE CONTROL BY AUTO-TRANSFORMER 34

CHAPTER Ⅳ．CATHODE RAYS 36

31．CONDUCTIVITY OF AIR 36

32．CONDUCTIVITY OF AIR AT REDUCED PRESSURE 38

33．APPEARANCE OF VACUUM TUBE 39

34．PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS 39

35．NATURE OF CATHODE RAYS 42

36．STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 45

37．MEANING OF IONIZATION 46

38．IONIZATION BY COLLISION 47

39．ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT 47

40．ORIGIN OF ROENTGEN RAYS 48

CHAPTER Ⅴ．POSITIVE RAYS AND ISOTOPES 49

41．NATURE OF CONDUCTIVITY AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 49

42．CONDUCTIVITY AT REDUCED PRESSURE 49

43．POSITIVE RAYS 50

44．CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BY POSITIVE RAYS 51

45．ISOTOPES 54

46．DETERMINATION OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS BY PHYSICAL METHOD 55

47．DISCOVERY OF DEUTERIUM 55

48．THE PROTON 56

CHAPTER Ⅵ．ROENTGEN TUBES 58

49．TWO TYPES OF TUBES 58

50．THE GAS TUBE 58

51．REGULATION OF CURRENT IN GAS TUBE 59

52．BLACKENING OF TUBES 60

53．METHODS OF COOLING A TARGET 61

54．THERMIONIC EMISSION 61

55．HOT FILAMENT RECTIFIERS 63

56．HOT FILAMENT X-RAY TUBE 63

57．PREPARATION OF HOT FILAMENT TUBES 66

58．FOCUSING 66

59．THE ANODE AND TARGET 68

60．CONTROL OF TUBE CURRENT 68

61．VOLTAGE STABILIZER 71

62．X-RAY PROTECTION AND METALIX TUBE 74

63．LINE FOCUS 75

64．ROTATING ANODE 76

65．RATING 77

66．SHOCKPROOF TUBES 80

67．OIL IMMERSION 80

68．LOW VOLTAGE TUBES 80

CHAPTER Ⅶ．VALVE RECTIFICATION 83

69．SELF-RECTIFYING TUBES 83

70．VALVE RECTIFIERS 84

71．TYPES OF VALVES 85

72．HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 87

73．FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION 87

74．TUBE RATING AND TYPE OF RECTIFICATION 88

75．THE USE OF CONDENSERS WITH VALVES 90

76．THE GREINACHER CIRCUIT 91

77．THE VILLARD CIRCUIT 93

CHAPTER VIII．GENERAL PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS 95

78．PHOTOGRAPHIC EFFECT 95

79．FLUORESCENT EFFECT 95

80．CHEMICAL AND DEHYDRATING EFFECTS 96

81．BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 96

82．IONIZATION EFFECT 96

83．PENETRATING EFFECT 97

84．QUALITY AND TUBE VOLTAGE 98

85．QUALITY AND HALF VALUE LAYER (H．V．L．) 99

86．HOMOGENEOUS BEAM AND EXPONENTIAL LAW 102

87．PROTECTION 103

CHAPTER Ⅸ．ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 106

88．THE SPECTROGRAPH 106

89．MEASUREMENT OF WAVE LENGTH 107

90．THE ANGSTROM AND MILLIMICRON 110

91．THE INFRARED 111

92．INFRARED RADIATION IN MEDICINE 111

93．ELECTRIC WAVES 111

94．THE ULTRAVIOLET 112

95．SOURCES OF ULTRAVIOLET 113

96．THE USE OF ULTRAVIOLET IN MEDICINE 114

97．BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET 118

98．PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN D 118

99．X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS 118

CHAPTER Ⅹ．MEASUREMENT OF WAVE LENGTH OF X-RAYS 119

100．REFLECTION OF X-RAYS 119

101．X-RAY SPECTROMETER 121

102．X-RAY SPECTROGRAPH 121

103．SHORTEST WAVE LENGTHS 122

104．GENERAL AND CHARACTERISTIC RADIATIONS 123

105．WHITE RADIATION 124

106．CHARACTERISTIC RAYS 125

107．WAVE LENGTH AND PENETRATION 125

108．K，L，AND M RAYS 126

109．INTERPRETATION OF K，L，AND M WAVE LENGTHS 127

110．MEANING OF CORRESPONDING WAVE LENGTHS 130

111．EFFECTIVE WAVE LENGTH 130

112．RELATION OF FOCAL SPOT TO WAVE LENGTH 132

CHAPTER Ⅺ．SECONDARY X-RAYS AND ABSORPTION 133

113．SECONDARY X-RAYS 133

114．SCATTERED RADIATION 134

115．CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION 135

116．PHOTO-ELECTRONS 136

117．SEEING IONS 136

118．RECOIL ELECTRONS AND SCATTERING 137

119．nATURE OF ABSORPTION 138

120．FILTRATION AND CRITICAL ABSORPTION WAVE LENGTH 138

121．THE MEANING OF CRITICAL ABSORPTION WAVE LENGTH 140

122．ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS 142

123．MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT 144

124．A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 146

125．THE COEFFICIENTS μ AND τ 147

126．SCATTERED RAYS AND RADIOGRAPHY 148

127．DIAPHRAGMS AND SECONDARY RAYS 149

128．THE POTTER-BUCKY DIAPHRAGM 149

129．CAUSES OF GRID SHADOWS 150

130．LYSHOLM GRID 152

CHAPTER Ⅻ．ROENTGEN RAY DOSAGE 153

131．QUALITY AND INTENSITY 153

132．ABSOLUTE INTENSITY AND LAW OF INVERSE SQUARE 154

133．MEANING OF INTENSITY IN X-RAY DOSAGE 154

134．MEANS OF MEASURING ABSORBED X-RAY ENERGY 155

135．DOSAGE BY IONIZATION 157

136．SATURATION IONIZATION CURRENT 157

137．IONIZATION CHAMBERS 159

138．THE ROENTGEN 159

139．DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE VOLUME 162

140．NULL METHOD OF MEASURING IONIZATION CURRENT 163

141．CORRECTION FOR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE 164

142．1937 DEFINITION OF THE ROENTGEN 165

143．THIMBLE CHAMBERS 166

144．VICTOREEN CONDENSER-METER 167

145．AIR DOSE，TISSUE DOSE，AND BACK SCATTER 168

146．DEPTH DOSAGE 170

147．THRESHOLD ERYTHEMA DOSE 172

148．SPECIFICATION OF TREATMENT CONDITIONS 173

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．RADIOACTIVITY 175

149．THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY 175

150．THE NATURE OF THE RADIATIONS 176

151．ALPHA RAYS 176

152．BETA RAYS 179

153．GAMMA RAYS 180

154．RADIUM IN TREATMENT 181

155．STRENGTH OF A RADIUM SOURCE 182

156．DOSE IN ROENTGENS 183

157．RADON 184

158．GROWTH OF RADON 187

159．THE CURIE AND MILLICURIE 189

160．DISINTEGRATION AND NATURE＇S TRANSMUTATION 189

161．ARTIFICIAL TRANSMUTATION 193

162．PROTECTION 195

163．OTHER RADIOACTIVE FAMILIES 195

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．PRODUCTION OF HIGH VOLTAGE．Part II SUPERVOLTAGE TUBES AND HIGH SPEED PARTICLES 196

164．IMPORTANCE OF SUPERVOLTAGE 196

165．THE INDUCTION COIL 197

166．THE CASCADE GENERATOR 197

167．VAN DE GRAAFF ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR 199

168．MEASUREMENT OF SUPERVOLTAGE 202

169．SUPERVOLTAGE TUBES 204

170．HIGH SPEED PARTICLES．THE CYCLOTRON 207

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY 215

171．NUCLEAR BOMBARDMENT 215

172．PROTON BOMBARDMENT 216

173．DEUTERON BOMBARDMENT 216

174．ARTIFICIAL ALPHA PARTICLES 217

175．DISCOVERY OF THE NEUTRON 217

176．OTHER METHODS OF PRODUCING NEUTRONS 219

177．IMPORTANCE OF THE NEUTRON 220

178．PROTECTION AGAINST NEUTRONS 221

179．NEUTRON BOMBARDMENT 221

180．THE POSITRON，THE MESOTRON，AND COSMIC RAYS 222

181．ARTIFICIAL OR INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY 223

182．RADIOACTIVE INDICATORS 226

183．GAMMA RAY BOMBARDMENT 227

184．MASS AND ENERGY 228

185．ENERGY FROM DESTRUCTION OF MATTER 230

186．EMISSION OF GAMMA RAYS IN NUCLEAR REACTIONS 231

187．STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS 232

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．HIGH FREQUENCY CURRENTS 233

188．CLASSIFICATION OF CURRENTS 233

189．THE GENERATION OF DAMPED HIGH FREQUENCY CURRENTS 234

190．EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF HIGH FREQUENCY 236

191．PRIMARY TESLA CIRCUIT 237

192．DIATHERMY WITH DAMPED OSCILLATIONS 238

193．SECONDARY TESLA CIRCUIT 239

194．THE TRIODE VALVE 240

195．GENERATION OF UNDAMPED OSCILLATIONS 242

196．DIATHERMY WITH UNDAMPED OSCILLATIONS 243

197．THE GENERATION OF ELECTRIC WAVES 244

APPENDIX 247

Ⅰ．SOME USEFUL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 247

Ⅱ．TABLE OF ATOMIC NUMBERS，ATOMIC WEIGHTS AND STABLE ISOTOPES 248

Ⅲ．PROBLEMS AND EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 250

Ⅳ．INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR X-RAY AND RADIUM PROTECTION 257

INDEX 263