Quantitative Chemical Techniques of HISTO-and CYTOCHEMISTRY Volume IIPDF电子书下载

ⅤⅢ．Spectrophotometric Techniques 3

A．Apparatus 3

1．Microscope Colorimeter and Spectrophotometer 3

(a) Drop Techniques 4

Norberg Drop Technique 4

Glick-Ferguson Drop Technique 4

Rotman Drop Technique 5

Edstrom Drop Technique 5

Ornstein-Lehrer Shrinking-Drop Technique 11

(b) Capillary Cuvette Techniques 12

Holter-Lovtrup-Krugelis Arrangement 12

Malmstrom-Glick Modification 13

2．Adaptation of Commercial Spectrophotometers 17

(a) Lowry et al．Adaptation of the Beckman Spectrophotometer 18

(b) Glick，Grunbaum，and Greenberg Modification 20

(c) Other Modifications of the Beckman Spectrophotometer 25

(d) Adaptation of the Coleman Spectrophotometer 27

3．Transfer of Liquid to Cuvettes 27

B．Optical Extinction In Measurement 28

C．Methods 29

Sodium 29

Bott Method for Sodium 31

Stone and Goldzieher Method for Sodium 32

Potassium 34

Eckel Method for Potassium 36

Calcium 38

Weybrew，Matrone，and Baxley Modification of the Sendroy Method for Calcium 44

Gillis，Van Der Stock，and Hoste Loretin Method for Calcium 46

Natelson and Penniall Alizarin Method for Calcium 46

Chiamori and Henry Chloranilate Method for Calcium 47

Brush Erio SE Procedure for Calcium 49

Kingsley and Robnett Modification of the Baar Method for Calcium 50

Magnesium 51

Glick，Freier，and Ochs Titan Yellow Method for Magnesium 54

Levine and Cummings Eriochrome Black T Method for Magnesium 55

Iron 56

Ashing 60

Kingsley and Getchell Bathophenanthroline Method for Iron 60

Ramsay Dipyridyl Method for Iron 61

Wootton Adaptation of the Ultraviolet Absorption Method of Bastian，Weberling，and Palilla for Iron 62

Zinc 63

Malmstrom and Glick Modification of the Dithizone Method for Zinc 66

Fredricks，Tanaka，and Valentine Modification of the Hoch and Vallee Method for Extraction of Zinc from Blood Cells and Measurement by the Dithizone Method 68

Chloride 70

Stiff Modification of the Sendroy Method for Chloride 73

King and Bain Modification of the Haslewood-King Method for Chloride 76

Lowry，Roberts，Leiner，Wu，and Farr Rhodanine Method for Chloride 77

Phosphorus and Phosphate 79

Preparation of Sample 79

Molybdenum Blue Methods 80

Labile Phosphates 82

Phospholipid 84

Nucleic Acid 85

Yellow Phosphomolybdic and Phosphomolybdovanadic Acid Methods 85

Other Methods 87

Lowry，Roberts，Leiner，Wu，and Farr Molybdenum Blue Method for Inorganic and Labile-，Acid-Soluble-，Lipid-，Nucleic Acid-，and Residual-Phosphorus 88

Peel and Loughman Modification of the Lowry and Lopez Molybdenum Blue Method for Inorganic Phosphate in the Presence of Labile Phosphate Esters 92

Bonting-Greenberg-Glick Adaptation of the Taussky and Shorr Modification of the Summer Molybdenum Blue Method for Inorganic Phosphate and Labile Phosphate Esters 93

Hirata and Appleman Modification of the Phosphomolybdic Acid Method for Total Phosphorus 94

Mokrasch Phosphomolybdic Acid Method for Free Phosphate in the Presenee of Labile Phosphate Compounds 95

Michelsen Modification of the Phosphomolybdovanadic Acid Method for Phosphate 96

Phosphatases 96

Lowry，Roberts，Wu，Hixon，and Crawford Modification of the Bessey，Lowry，and Brock Direct Absorption Method for Alkaline and Acid Phosphatases 100

Vescia Direct Absorption Method for Acid Phosphatase 102

Seligman，Chauncey，Nachlas，Manheimer，and Ravin Diazo Dye Method for Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases 102

Allen and Slater Modification for Alkaline Phosphatase of the Gomori Diazo Dye Method for Esterase 104

Lowry，Roberts，Wu，Hixon，and Crawford Molybdenum Blue Method for Adenosinetriphosphatase 104

Phosphoglucomutase 105

Buell，Lowry，Roberts，Chang，and Kapphahn Molybdenum Blue Method for Phosphoglucomutase 106

Phosphoglucoisomerase 107

Buell，Lowry，Roberts，Chang，and Kapphahn Fructose Method for Phosphoglucoisomerase 108

Aldolase，Phosphofructokinase，and Hexokinase 109

Lowry，Roberts，Wu，Hixon，and Crawford Modification of the Sibley and Lehninger Method for Aldolase 112

Buell，Lowry，Roberts，Chang，and Kapphahn Aldolase Methods for Phosphofructokinase and Hexokinase 113

Sulfur Compounds and Sulfatases 115

Spencer Modifications of the Benzidine Method of Dodgson and Spencer for Sulfate 119

Spencer Modified Chloranilate Method for Sulfate 121

Spencer Modified Benzidine and Chloranilate Methods Adapted to Dodgson and Spencer Procedures for Sulfatases 122

Malmstrom and Glick Adaptation of the Direct Absorption Method of Huggins and Smith for Phenol Sulfatase 123

Sulfate and Glucuronate Conjugation 125

Glick and Stecklein Adaptation of the Bernstein and McGilvery Method for Enzymatic Conjugation of m-Aminophenol 125

Total Nitrogen and Ammonia 127

Digestion of Sample for Determination of Total Nitrogen 127

Brüel，Holter，Linderstrom-Lang and Rozīts Procedure 129

Doyle and Omoto Modification 131

Shaw and Beadle Modification 131

Boell and Shen Modification 132

Lubochinsky and Zalta Procedure 132

Exley Procedure 132

Grunbaum，Schaffer，and Kirk Procedure 134

Direct Estimation of Ammonia 136

Lubochinsky and Zalta Method 137

Brown，Duda，Korkes，and Handler Modification 138

Exley Adaptation of the Russell Method 139

Estimation of Ammonia after Separation 141

Urea 142

Engel and Engel Modification of the Xanthydrol Method 143

De Nieves and Pike Adaptation of the Archibald Method for Urea 145

Uric Acid，Creatine，Creatinine，and Allantoin 145

Protein and Proteases 146

Lowry，Rosebrough，Farr，and Randall Phenol-Reagent Method for Protein 153

Duspiva Adaptation of the Anson Phenol-Reagent Method for Protease 154

Nayyar and Glick Adaptation of the Greif Bromsulfalein Binding Method for Protein and Protease 155

Lovtrup Adaptation of the Pechmann Color-Liberation Method for Cathepsin and Trypsin 157

Martin，Golubow，and Axelrod Direct Absorption Method for Chymotrypsin 158

Bundy Direct Absorption Method for Chymotrypsin 159

Amino Acid and Peptide 160

Copper Methods 162

Ninhydrin Methods 162

Other Methods 163

Kay，Harris，and Entenman Method for Amino Acids Separated by Paper Chromatography 164

Woiwod Copper Method for Free Amino-Nitrogen 166

Spies Direct Copper Method for Amino Acid 168

Grunbaum and Glick Method f or Hydroxyproline 168

Prockop and Udenfriend Method for Hydroxyproline 170

Hutterer and Singer Method for Hydroxyproline 172

Peptidases 173

Dye Formation Methods 174

Direct Absorption Methods 176

Ravin and Seligman Dye Formation Method for Carboxypeptidase 177

Green，Tsou，Bressler，and Seligman Dye Formation Method for Leucine Aminopeptidase 178

Allen Direct Absorption Method for Dehydropeptidase Ⅰ 179

Mitz and Schlueter Direct Absorption Method for Acylase Ⅰ 180

Schmitt and Siebert Direct Absorption Method for Peptidase 181

Arginase 182

Malmgren and Sylvén Adaptation of the Xanthydrol Method for Urea to Determination of Arginase 182

Glucose 183

Greenberg and Glick Modification of the Glucose Oxidase Method for Glucose 185

Glycogen 186

Greenberg and Glick Modification of the Glucose Oxidase Method for Glycogen 188

Phosphorylases 189

Glycogen Phosphorylase 189

Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase 190

Buell，Lowry，Roberts，Chang，and Kapphahn Modification of the Inorganic Phosphate Method for Glycogen Phosphorylase (Synthesis) 191

Greenberg and Glick Modification of Methods for Glycogen Phosphorylase (Degradation and Synthesis) 192

Robins，Smith，and McCaman Adaptation of the Kalckar Method for Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase 194

Hexosamine 195

Parekh and Glick Use of the Exley Method for Total Hexosamine 197

Heparin 199

Parekh and Glick Modification of the Jacques，Monkhouse，and Stewart Metachromatic Dye Method for Heparin 200

Hyaluronidase 201

Glick，Ottoson，and Edmondson Adaptation of the Tolksdorf et al．Modification of the Turbidimetric Method for Hyaluronidase and Hyaluronidase Inhibitor 202

Ascorbic，Dehydroascorbic，and Diketogulonic Acids 204

Glick，Alpert，and Stecklein Adaptation of the Indophenol Dye Method for L-Ascorbic Acid and the Dinitrophenylhydrazine Coupling Method for Dehydro-L-Ascorbic plus Diketo-L_Gulonic Acids 209

β-Glucuronidase 211

Wattenberg and Glick Adaptation of the Phenolphthalein Glucuronide Method for β-Glucuronidase 213

β-D-Galactosidase and α- and β-D-Glucosidases 214

Cohen，Tsou，Rutenburg，and Seligman Method for β-D-Galactosidase，and Cohen，Rutenburg，Tsou，Woodbury，and Seligman Method for β-D-Glucosidase 216

Goldbarg，Tsou，Rutenburg，Rutenburg，and Seligman Method for α-D-Glucosidase 218

Pardee，Jacob，and Monod Modification of the Lederberg Method for β-D-Galactosidase 219

Nucleic Acids 219

Ceriotti，Keck，and Bonting-Jones Adaptations of the Indole Method of Dische for Deoxyribonucleic Acid 222

Scott，Fraccastoro，and Taft Ultraviolet Absorption Method for Ribonucleic and Deoxyribonucleic Acids 225

Ceriotti Modification of the Orcinol Method for Ribonucleic Acid 227

McIntire and Sproull Ultraviolet Absorption Method for Deoyribonucleic Acid 228

Edstrom and Edstrom-Zawiak Ultraviolet Absorption Method for Ribonucleic and Deoxyribonucleic Acids and Single Cells 229

Deoxyribonuclease and Ribonuclease 232

Kurnick and Kurnick-Sandeen Methyl Green Binding Methods for Deoxyribonucleases 234

Fiers and Moller Ultraviolet Absorption Method for Ribonuclease 235

Houck Turbidimetric Method for Ribonuclease 239

Extraction and Fractionation of Lipids 240

Schmidt-Nielsen Method for Extraction and Fractionation of Lipids 240

Schaffer，Grunbaum，and Kirk Scheme for Extraction and Fractionation of Lipids 242

Total Lipid 246

Fatty Acid 246

Phospholipids and Sphingolipids 247

Robins，Lowry，Eydt，and McCaman Adaptation of the Analytical Scheme of Schmidt et al．for Determination of Separate Classes of Phospholipids and Sphingolipids in the Same Sample 248

Cholesterol and Cholesterol Esters 253

Cavanaugh and Glick Adaptation of the Schoenheimer-Sperry Method for Cholesterol and Cholesterol Esters 254

Adaptation by Glick and Lopez to the Cavanaugh-Glick Procedure of Modifications by Brown et al．and Zak and Epstein for Cholesterol and Cholesterol Esters 256

Lipolytic Enzymes 258

Purr Chromogenic Substrate Method for Esterase 260

Sumner，Herr，and Yesair Phenol Method for Esterase 262

Seligman and Nachlas Azo Dye Method for Esterase and Lipase 263

Doyle，Rappaport，and Doyle Adaptation of the Gomori Azo Dye Method for Esterase 265

Cholinesterase 265

Lowry，Roberts，Wu，Hixon，and Crawford Phenol Red Method for Cholinesterase 268

Ravin，Tsou，and Seligman Azo Dye Method for Nonspecific Cholinesterase 270

Coenzyme A 271

Greenberg and Glick Procedure of the Adaptation by Malmstrom and Glick of the Sulfanilamide Acetylation Method (Kaplan-Lipmann) for Coenzyme A 273

Histamine 276

Lowry，Graham，Harris，Priebat，Marks，and Bregman Dinitrofluorobenzene Method for Histamine 277

Catalase 280

Peroxidase 281

Straus N，N-Dimethyl-p-Phenylenediamine Method for Peroxidase 282

Cytochrome Oxidase 283

Hess and Pope Direct Colorimetric Method for Cytochrome c Oxidase 285

Straus N，N-Dimethyl-p-Phenylenediamine Method for Cytochrome c Oxidase 286

Sulfhydryl Groups 287

Pyridine Nucleotides 288

Dehydrogenases 291

Methods Based on Measurement of Pyridine Nucleotides 291

Lactic，Malic，and Glutamic Dehydrogenases and a-Keto Acids 291

Glucose-6-Phosphate and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenases 291

Glutathione Reductase 292

Phosphoglycerokinase and Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase 292

Robins，Roberts，Eydt，Lowry，and Smith Quinolylhydrazine Method for Malic，Lactic，and Glutamic Dehydrogenases and a-Keto Acids 293

Greenberg and Glick Adaptation of the Direct Absorption Method for Glucose-6-Phosphate and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenases 295

Methods Based on Measurement of Reduced Tetrazolium Salts 297

Succinic Dehydrogenase 298

Lactic Dehydrogenase 300

a-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase 300

Influence of CoQ10 on Dehydrogenases 300

Glick and Nayyar Soluble-Formazan Method for the Succinie Dehydrogenase System 301

Fried，Greenberg，and Antopol Soluble-Formazan Method for Enzymatic a-Glycerophosphate Oxidation 303

Nachlas，Margulies，Goldberg，and Seligman Colloidal-Formazan Method for Lactic Dehydrogenase 305

Nachlas，Margulies，and Seligman Colloidal-Formazan Method for Succinic Dehydrogenase 306

Methods Based on Measurement of Reduced Dichlorophenol-indophenol 307

DPN-Diaphorase and Lactic Dehydrogenase 307

Succinic Dehydrogenase 308

Lactic Dehydrogenase 308

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 309

Schemes for Combined Analyses 310

Scheme of Paul for determination of Lipid-Phosphorus，Total Lipid，Carbohydrate，Total Nucleic Acid，Deoxyribonucleic Acid，and Protein-Nitrogen in the Same Tissue Sample (1 mg Dry Weight) 311

Ⅸ．Titrimetric Techniques 317

A．Microliter Burettes 317

1．Calibrated Capillary Tube Burettes 319

(a) Screw-Drive Burettes 319

Linderstrom-Lang and Holter Burettes 319

Kirk Burette 322

Burette Attachment to Natelson Microgasometer 322

(b) Gravitational Burettes 322

Conway Burette 324

Grunbaum and Kirk Burette 327

Pecár Burette 327

(c) Calibration 328

2．Micrometer Screw Burettes 329

Scholander Burette 330

Allen Burette 331

Commercial Forms 333

3．Gravimetric Burettes 333

Pecár Burette 334

4．Ocular Micrometer Burettes 334

Loscalzo and Benedetti-Pichler Burette 334

B．Titration Vessels 338

C．Potentiometric Burette Assemblies 341

Linderstrom-Lang，Palmer，and Holter Assembly 341

Other Assemblies for Chloride Titration 342

Sisco，Cunningham，and Kirk Assembly 342

Grunbaum，Schaffer，and Kirk Assembly 343

Hull and Kirk Versatile Differential Electrode Assembly 344

Versatile Commercial Assembly 345

D．Coulometric Assemblies 345

Schreiber and Cooke Assembly 347

Ramsay，Brown，and Croghan Assembly 348

E．Amperometric Assembly 352

F．Methods 352

Sodium 352

Lindner and Kirk Method for Sodium 354

Potassium 355

Norberg Method for Potassium 356

Schall Method for Potassium 358

Sodium and Potassium Combined 360

Linderstrom-Lang Method for Sodium and Potassium 361

Calcium 362

Lindner and Kirk Cerimetric Method for Calcium 366

Freier Modification of the Acidimetric Method for Calcium 368

Griswold and Pace Complexometric Method for Calcium 369

Mori Complexometric Method for Calcium 371

Magnesium 372

Griswold and Pace Complexometric Method for Magnesium 373

Iron 373

Chloride 374

Linderstrom-Lang，Palmer，and Holter Electrometric Method for Chloride 376

Phosphorus and Phosphatase 377

Total Nitrogen and Ammonia 378

Brüel，Holter，Linderstrom-Lang，and Rozīts Method for Ammonia from Acid Digests，with Subsequent Modifications 380

Grunbaum，Schaffer，and Kirk Method for Ammonia from Acid Digests 384

Urea 385

Kinsey and Robison Method for Urea 386

Urease 387

Amide，Peptide，and Nitrate Nitrogen 387

Borsook and Dubnoff Methods for Amide，Peptide，and Nitrate Nitrogen 388

Acid，Alkali，Amino，and Carboxyl Groups 390

McConnell Method for a-Amino Acids 391

Proteolytic Enzymes 392

Linderstrom-Lang and Holter Acidimetric Acetone Method for Proteolytic Enzymes 393

Linderstrom-Lang and Duspiva Alkalimetric Alcohol Method for Proteolytic Enzymes 394

Weil Formol Method for Trypsin 396

Arginase 397

LInderstrom-Lang，Weil，and Holter Methods for Arginase 397

(a) Urease Method 397

(b) Acetone-Alcohol Titration Method 398

Reducing Sugars 399

Holter and Doyle Modification of the Linderstrom-Lang and Holter Iodometric Method for Reducing Sugars 399

Stern and Kirk Modification of the Cerimetric Method for Reducing Sugars 400

Amylase 401

Glycogen 402

Heatley Method for Total Glycogen 402

Heatley and Lindahl Method for Desmo- and Lyoglycogen 404

Total Fatty Acid 404

Schmidt-Nielsen Indicator Titration Method for Total Fatty Acid 405

Grunbaum，Schaffer，and Kirk Potentiometric Titration Method for Total Fatty Acid 406

Iodine Number of Lipids 408

Schmidt-Nielsen Method for Iodine Number 409

Grunbaum，and Kirk Method for Iodine Number 410

ALiesterase，Lipase，and Cholinesterase 413

Glick Acidimetric Method for Aliesterase and Lipase 414

Glick Acidimetric Method for Cholinesterase 414

Catalase 415

Holter and Doyle Adaptation of the Iodometric Method for Catalase 416

Von Hahn Adaptation of the Perborate Method for Catalase 417

Sulfhydryl Groups 417

Ⅹ．Flame Photometric Techniques 421

A．Methods Requiring Atomization of Sample Solutions 422

B．Methods Requiring Dried Sample on a Platinum Wire 425

Ⅺ．Microbiological Techniques 429

A．Microscopic Microbiological Assay 431