1 What is jurisprudence about? 1
2 Natural law 6
3 The command theory of law 24
1 Law as commands 26
2 The sovereign 31
4 Utilitarianism and the economic analysis of law 36
1 Utilitarianism 36
2 The economic analysis of law 42
5 Punishment 49
6 Kelsen's pure theory of law 59
1 Why'pare'? 60
2 Sanctions 63
3 The basic norm 67
7 Legal concepts 76
1 Hohfeld's analysis 76
2 Analysis in general 87
8 Legal realism 93
1 American legal realism 93
2 Scandinavian legal realism 98
9 Hart's concept of law 105
1 Legal rules as social rules 105
2 The union of primary and secondary rules 109
10 Freedom and the enforcement of morals 115
11 The morality of law and the rule of law 128
12 Statutory interpretation 140
1 English canons of statutory interpretation 141
2 The status of the canons of statutory interpretation 146
3 Should English canons of statutory interpretation be reformed? 150
13 Precedent 156
1 The English rules of precedent 156
2 The status of precedent rules 163
3 Should our precedent rules be changed? 168
14 Dworkin's rights thesis 172
1 Rules are not enough 173
2 No line between law and morals 177
3 Judges do not legislate 185
15 Legal reasoning 193
16 The duty to obey the law 209
17 The historical school and non-state law 219
18 Sociological jurisprudence 232
1 Social interests 234
2 The functions and limits of law 237
3 The living law 240
19 Law, social theory and Marxist jurisprudence 245
1 Law and social theory 245
2 Marxist jurisprudence 251
20 Justice 259
Index 275