WATER POLLUTION SECOND EDITIONPDF电子书下载
- 电子书积分:10 积分如何计算积分?
- 作 者:D.W.CONNELL
- 出 版 社:
- 出版年份:2222
- ISBN:0702216186
- 页数:203 页
1.A Rèsource Endangered 1
2.Water:A Life Support System 4
1.An example of food chains with the black bream 6
1.Relationship of current speed to the nature of the stream bed 7
The Marine Environment 7
2.Oxygen flows per day measured in a tidal urban creek 7
Estuarine Systems 8
Inland Waters 9
3.Pollution Ecology 11
List of Figures 11
Generalized Effects of Pollutants on Streams 12
List of Tables 13
3.Generalized diagrams illustrating the effects of deoxygenating substances and toxic substances on streams 13
Biological Evaluation of Pollution 14
List of Plates 17
4.Number of individual species and species diversity of macroinvertebrate fauna offshore from Hastings in the North Arm of Western Port,Victoria 17
5.A hypothetical food web illustrating energy flow modification as a result of pollution 18
Preface 19
2.Some Australian aquatic organisms which have been suggested or used as biochemical indicators 20
6.Hypothetical lethal response curve of an animal population exposed to a toxicant 21
3.General classification of the toxicity of substances 22
7.Estimation of the threshold lethal concentration 23
Aerobic Degradation of Organic Wastes 25
4.Animal and Vegetable Wastes 25
4.Minimum concentration of dissolved oxygen required by various species of fish 26
Minimum Acceptable Dissolved Oxygen Levels 26
5.Recommended minimal acceptable concentrations of dissolved oxygen in freshwater 27
1.Seawater,after collection in a sampling device,being transferred to a bottle for later analysis for dissolved oxygen 28
Effects of Organic Discharges on Dissolved Oxygen in Streams 29
8.Dissolved oxygen profile of the Burnett River 29
Anaerobic Processes:Production of Poisonous Gases from Animal and Vegetable Wastes 31
The Ecological Effects of Organic Wastes 32
Ecological Effects of Heavy Metals 32
6.Associations of animals,plants and insects found in the pollution zones of Farmer's Creek and Cox's River,NSW 33
7.Biological evaluation of organic pollution in New Zealand streams 34
8.Algae from Carmer's Creek and Cox's River,NSW 35
9.Biological and dissolved oxygen data for sampling sites on Dandenong Creek,Victoria 36
Seasonal Factors 37
10.Seasonal flow characteristics of streams in Australia and New Zealand 37
9.Variation of species diversity and rainfall in Moggill Creek,Brisbane 38
10.Diurnal variations in dissolved oxygen in an urban creek 39
Diurnal Variations 39
Pollution by Micro-organisms 40
11.Bacteriological quality of recreational waters 40
5.Accelerated Eutrophication and Enrichment of Streams 42
11.Net primary productivity patterns of the oceans 43
Characteristics of Eutrophication 44
2.Excess growth of aquatic plants in a freshwater lake in Victoria 45
12.A generalized diagrammatic representation of some major chemical processes occurring in aquatic areas 46
13.Generalized patterns for surface to bottom distributions of dissolved oxygen and plant nutrients for oligotrophic and eutrophic water bodies 46
12.Measures of eutrophication in a water body 47
14.Total nitrogen and total inorganic phosphorus as related to rainfall at Braidwood Lagoon,NSW 48
Eutrophication and Lake Water Movement 49
Changes in Ecological Relationships 49
15.Seasonal change in dissolved oxygen and temperature surface to bottom profiles for Lake Ngahewa,New Zealand 50
Streams and Nutrient Enrichment 51
Problems Caused by Accelerated Eutrophication 51
16.Generalized diagrams illustrating the generation of plantnutrient salts from organic wastes and plant growth in streams 52
17.Biomass accumulation in Moggill Creek,Brisbane,which is subject to a secondary sewage treatment plant discharge 53
Causes of Accelerated Eutrophication 53
13.Summary of estimated nitrogen and phosphorus reaching Wisconsin water bodies 54
Control of Eutrophication 56
14.General characteristics frequently used to classify lakes 56
15.Plankton and associated characteristics of oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes 57
16.Nutrient concentrations in relation to trophic status of water bodies 58
The Australian Position 59
Pesticides 61
6.Synthetic Chemicals 61
18.Toxicity of various insecticides to some species of fish 62
17.Relative toxicities of pesticides to aquatic animals 62
3.Fish kill caused by accidental discharge of insecticides into an Australian river 63
18.Approximate range of persistence of pesticides in soils 64
19.Chemical structures of some organochlorine insecticides 65
20.General pattern of degradation of DDT 66
21.The accumulation of insecticides in aquatic food chains 68
19.DDT residues in various aquatic animals in the Namoi Region,NSW 69
20.Residues of DDT and metabolites in certain Australian and New Zealand animals 70
21.Residues of DDT and metabolites in certain Australian and New Zealand aquatic birds 71
22.Change in the thickness of Australian peregrine falcon eggshells 73
23.General structure of the organophosphorus insecticides 75
4.The impact of aerial spraying of an organophosphorus insecticide is checked by evaluating the effects on caged insects 77
25.Synthesis of 245T 78
24.The chemical structures of some commonly used herbicides 78
26.Chemical processes leading to the formation of TCDD 79
22.Some reported PCB concentrations in animal muscle tissue 81
Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCB's) 81
27.Chemical structures for some polychlorinated biphenyls 83
23.Occurrence of PCB's in the Australian and New Zealand environment and in man. 85
Detergents 87
28.Chemical structures of LAS and ABS surfactants 89
24.Some lethal concentrations of surfactants for fish 90
Industrial Wastes 91
25.Some common substances found in waste waters from chemical industries 91
5.Fish kills of this kind occur fairly frequently in the industrial areas of Australia and New Zealand 93
26.Some lethal concentrations of common waste chemicals 94
7.Petrochemicals 95
The Quantity of Oil Entering the Oceans 97
27.Estimated yearly input of petroleum into the oceans 98
The Nature of Petroleum 99
28.Toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons to fish 100
29.Examples of hydrocarbons which occur in petroleum 100
The Fate of Petroleum in the Sea 101
30.Diagrammatic summary of the fate of petroleum in an aquatic area 102
29.Environmental fate of crude oil 103
General Effects on Marine Life Forms 104
30.Effects of lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of soluble petroleum and petroleum products on marine organisms 106
31.Factors influencing biological damage by oil 106
Some Effects on Marine Organisms 107
Some Effects on Major Ecosystems 109
Tainting of Australian Sea Mullet and Other Marine Animals 109
32.Summary of effects of petroleum on some major ecosystems 110
33.Occurrence of kerosene-like hydrocarbons in some fish in the Brisbane River,Queensland 112
Clean-up of Oil Slicks 113
Public Health Aspects 113
Biochemical Indicators 113
6.Treatment of an oil spill in an Australian marine area with a dispersant 116
8.Metals,Minerals and Suspended Solids 118
Chemical Form of Metals 119
34.Forms of occurrence of metal species in natural waters 120
Occurrence and Source of Heavy Metals in Australian Waters 121
31.Chemical reactions involved in the formation of acid mine drainage water 122
35.Occurrence of some heavy metals in Australian streams and domestic waters 124
Uptake of Metals by Aquatic Organisms 126
36.Enrichment or biological concentration factors for heavy metals from seawater 127
37.Some concentrations of heavy metals in Australian and New Zealand organisms 128
38.Maximum concentrations of some heavy metals and arsenic allowed in food 129
Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Aquatic Organisms 130
39.Heavy metal LC50's for a variety of Australian aquatic organisms 133
32.Composition of the fauna and numbers of animals in the Molonglo River,ACT 135
Mercury:A Case History 136
Silt 140
7.Silt containing discharge from an Australian sand mining dredge 141
Radioactive Wastes 142
40.Half lives of some radioactive elements 143
9.Salinity Problems 145
41.Limiting values of salinity for water supplied to horticultural crops 146
River Salinity 146
33.Longitudinal salinity profiles of the Murray River 147
Salinization in Western Australia 149
42.Thermal death points of fish 150
Effects of Thermal Stress on Aquatic Organisms 150
10.Thermal Pollution 150
43.Variations in aquatic communities due to a thermal discharge into the La Trobe River,Victoria 152
Discharges from Dams 152
44.Spawning temperatures for some native Australian fish 153
Criteria 153
11.Living Organisms as Pollutants 154
45.Self-maintaining introduced freshwater species in Australia 154
12.Effects of Land Use and Engineering Works on Water Quality 157
Effects of Agriculture on Water Run-Off Composition 158
Urban Areas and Water Quality 159
Simulation Modelling of the Effects of Land Use on Water Quality 159
Effects of Engineering Works on Water Quality 160
13.Pollution Investigations 161
46.Some animals useful for the biological assessment of stream pollution 162
General Aspects of Control and Water Reuse 167
14.The Control of Pollution 167
34.Diagrammatic illustration of the operation of an activated sludge secondary sewage treatment plant 168
8.The Bolivar sewage treatment plant in Adelaide 169
Legislation and Administration 170
35.Idealized processes for the control and management of water pollution 172
15.The Challenge of the Future 173
References 176
Index 197