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CHAPTER one 第一章 New Challenges 新的挑战 1

TOPIC ONE Review of Basic Sentence Structure 3

A.Parts of Speech 4

B.Kinds of Sentences 4

C.Subjects 5

D.Verbs,Objects,and Complements 6

E.Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives 7

F.Sentence Types 8

TOPIC TWO Word Order of Modifiers 11

A.Adjectives 12

B.Adverbs 12

C.Adverbials 13

TOPIC THREE The Principal Parts of Verbs and Verb Tense Formation 18

A.The Principal Parts of Verbs 19

B.Verb Tense Formation:Regular Verbs 20

C.Verb Tense Formation:Irregular Verbs 23

TOPIC FOUR An Overview of the Tense System 26

CHAPTER two 第二章 Looking at Learning 学习观 31

TOPIC ONE Auxiliary Verbs 33

A.Statements,Yes/No Questions,and Short Responses 34

B.Information Questions 36

C.Information Questions with who,whose,which,and what 38

D.Negative Yes/No Questions 41

TOPIC TWO The Simple Present and Present Continuous Tenses 45

A.The Simple Present Tense 46

B.Adverbs of Frequency and Other Time Expressions 48

C.The Present Continuous Tense 51

D.Verbs Not Normally Used in the Continuous Tenses 52

TOPIC THREE The Present Perfect Continuous and Present Perfect Tenses 55

A.The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 56

B.The Present Perfect Tense 58

focus on testing Types of Standardized Tests 62

CHAPTER three 第三章 Relationships 家庭关系 65

TOPIC ONE Past Verb Forms(1) 67

A.The Simple Past Tense 67

B.The Past Continuous Tense 71

C.when and while 72

TOPIC TWO The Present Perfect Tense with Unspecified Past Time 76

A.The Present Perfect Tense 77

B.already,(not)ever,just,never,recently,still,and (not)yet 78

TOPIC THREE Future Verb Forms 81

A.The Simple Future Tense 82

B.Other Forms Used for the Future:be going to,Present Tenses with Future Meaning 83

C.The Future Continuous Tense 85

D.The Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous Tenses 86

TOPIC FOUR Past Verb Forms (2) 87

A.The Habitual Past:would and used to 88

B.The Future in the Past:was/were going to 90

TOPIC FIVE Past Verb Forms(3) 93

A.The Past Perfect Tense 93

B.The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 96

focus on testing Use of Verbs 101

CHAPTER four 第四章 Health 健康 103

TOPIC ONE Modal Auxiliaries and Related Structures of Ability and Expectation 105

A.Introduction to Modal Auxiliaries 106

B.Expressing Present and Past Ability 106

C.Expressing Expectation 109

TOPIC TWO Modal Auxiliaries of Request,Permission,and Preference 112

A.Requesting Action 113

B.Requesting Permission 114

C.Expressing Preference 116

TOPIC THREE Modal Auxiliaries and Related Structures of Need and Advice 120

A.Expressing Present Need or Lack of Need 121

B.Expressing Past Need or Lack of Need 124

C.Expressing Advice about the Present 126

D.Expressing Advice about the Past(Not Taken) 128

TOPIC FOUR Modal Auxiliaries of Possibility and Probability 131

A.Expressing Present and Past Possibility 132

B.Expressing Present and Past Probability 135

focus on testing Use of Modal Auxiliaries 139

TOPIC FIVE Review:Chapters One to Four 140

focus on testing Review of Problem Areas:Chapters One to Four 144

CHAPTER five 第五章 High Tech,Low Tech 高科技，低科技 147

TOPIC ONE The Simple Tenses 149

A.Introduction to the Passive Voice 150

B.The Passive Voice with Simple Tenses 151

C.The Passive Voice in Sentences with Indirect Objects 153

D.by+Agent 155

E.Verbs Commonly Used in the Passive Voice 157

F.Anticipatory it and the Passive Voice 158

TOPIC TWO The Perfect Tenses 161

TOPIC THREE The Continuous Tenses 166

TOPIC FOUR Modal Auxiliaries 170

focus on testing Use of the Passive Voice 177

CHAPTER six 第六章 Money Matters 金融 179

TOPIC ONE Count Versus Noncount Nouns 181

A.Introduction to Count and Noncount Nouns 182

B.Groups of Count and Noncount Nouns 183

C.Singular and Plural Forms:Subject/Verb Agreement 186

D.Indefinite Articles:a and an 188

E.Unspecified or Unidentified Count and Noncount Nouns 188

TOPIC TWO Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns 192

A.Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns with Both Count and Noncount Nouns 193

B.(a)few and(not)many with Count Nouns 194

C.(a)little and(not)much with Noncount Nouns 195

D.Modifiers with a lot of,a little,a few,little,and few 196

E.More Indefinite Pronouns 198

F.one,another,the other,others,the others 199

focus on testing Use of Singular and Plural Forms 203

TOPIC THREE The Definite Article 204

A.Introduction to the Definite Article 205

B.the with Count Nouns 205

C.the with Noncount Nouns 207

D.the with Proper Nouns 208

TOPIC FOUR Units of Measurement 211

CHAPTER seven 第七章 Leisure Time 休闲时光 217

TOPIC ONE Introduction to Gerunds and Infinitives 218

A.Forms and Functions of Gerunds 219

B.Gerunds Following Prepositions 221

C.Forms and Functions of Infinitives 224

D.Infinitives Following Adjectives,Adverbs,and Nouns 227

TOPIC TWO Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives 230

TOPIC THREE More Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives 236

A.More Verbs Followed by Gerunds 237

B.More Verbs Followed by Infinitives 238

C.Verbs That May Be Followed by a(Pro)Noun Object Before an Infinitive 239

D.Verbs That Must Be Followed by a Noun or Pronoun Object Before an Infinitive 239

TOPIC FOUR Verbs Followed by Either Gerunds or Infinitives 244

A.Verbs Followed by Either Gerunds or Infinitives 245

B.Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives,Depending on the Use of a Noun or Pronoun Object 245

C.Verbs That Change Meaning Depending on the Use of Infinitives or Gerunds 248

TOPIC FIVE Special Uses of Other Verb Forms 252

A.Causative Verbs and Related Structures 253

B.Verbs of Perception 256

C.Present and Past Participles Used as Adjectives 256

focus on testing Use of Verb Forms 261

CHAPTER eight 第八章 Creativity 创造力 263

TOPIC ONE Compound Sentences 265

A.Review of Sentence Types 266

B.Coordinating Conjunctions 269

C.Transitions 270

TOPIC TWO Adverb Clauses of Time and Condition:Unspecified or Present Time 275

A.Clauses of Time:Unspecified or Present Time 276

B.Clauses of Condition:Unspecified or Present Time 278

TOPIC THREE Adverb Clauses of Time and Condition:Past Time with the Simple Past and Past Perfect Tenses 281

B.Adverbs of Frequency with Time Clauses 282

A.Clauses of Time:Past Time with the Simple Past and Past Perfect Tenses 282

C.after,before,by,and until as Prepositions 283

TOPIC FOUR Adverb Clauses of Time and Condition:Past Time with the Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses 287

TOPIC FIVE Adverb Clauses of Time and Condition:Future Time 294

A.Clauses of Time:Future Time 295

B.Clauses of Condition:Future Time 296

C.Sentence Problems:Fragments,Comma Splices,and Run-Ons 299

TOPIC SIX Review:Chapters Five to Eight 302

focus on testing Review of Problem Areas:Chapters Five to Eight 307

CHAPTER nine 第九章 Human Behavior 人类行为 309

TOPIC ONE Review of Modifiers and Introduction to Adjective Clauses 312

A.Review of Modifiers 312

B.Introduction to Adjective Clauses 314

TOPIC TWO Clauses with that,when,and where:Replacement of Subjects,Objects,and Adverbials of Time or Place 315

A.Clauses with that:Replacement of Subjects 316

B.Clauses with that:Replacement of Objects of Verbs 318

C.Clauses with when or where:Replacement of Adverbials of Time or Place 318

TOPIC THREE Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses;Clauses with who,which,and whose:Replacement of Subjects and Possessives 321

A.Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses 322

B.Clauses with who or which:Replacement of Subjects 324

C.Clauses with whose:Replacement of Possessives 326

TOPIC FOUR Clauses with whom and which:Replacement of Objects 330

A.Clauses with whom and which:Replacement of Objects of Verbs 331

B.Clauses with whom and which:Replacement of Objects of Prepositions 333

TOPIC FIVE Clause to Phrase Reduction;Agreement with Adjective Phrases and Clauses 337

A.Appositives 338

C.Present Participial Phrases 339

B.Past Participial Phrases 339

D.Agreement with Adjective Phrases and Clauses 341

focus on testing Use of Adjective Clauses and Phrases 343

CHAPTER ten 第十章 Crime and Punishment 犯罪与惩罚 345

TOPIC ONE hope and wish 347

A.hope Versus wish 348

B.The Subjunctive with wish 348

TOPIC TWO Conditional Sentences:otherwise;Imaginary Conditionals:Present or Unspecified Time 352

A.otherwise 353

B.Imaginary Conditionals:Present or Unspecified Time 354

TOPIC THREE Perfect Modal Auxiliaries 357

A.Perfect Modal Auxiliaries 358

B.Perfect Modal Auxiliaries and Past Advice 360

TOPIC FOUR Conditional Sentences:Past and Past-to-Present Time 362

A.Imaginary Conditionals:Past Time 364

B.Imaginary Conditionals:Past-to-Present Time 365

focus on testing Use of Conditional and Subjunctive Forms 371

CHAPTER eleven 第十一章 The Physical World 自然界 373

TOPIC ONE Clauses and Related Structures of Cause,Purpose,and Effect or Result 375

A.Clauses and Phrases of Clause 376

B.Clauses and Phrases of Purpose 378

C.Transitions of Effect or Result 380

D.Sentence Focus in Compound and Complex Sentences 381

TOPIC TWO Clauses and Related Structures of Contrast:Concession and Opposition 385

A.Clauses,Phrases,and Transitions of Concession 386

B.Clauses,Phrases,and Transitions of Opposition 388

TOPIC THREE Comparative and Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs 394

TOPIC FOUR Comparisons with as and than 404

TOPIC FIVE Clauses of Result 410

focus on testing Use of Adverb Clauses and Phrases 418

CHAPTER twelve 第十二章 Together on a Small Planet 共同拥有的小星球 421

TOPIC ONE Clauses with that 423

A.Clauses with that 424

B.Quotations and Reported Speech 424

C.Sequence of Tenses in Reported Speech 425

D.say Versus tell 427

E.Pronoun and Adverb Changes in Reported Speech 428

F.Verbs and Modal Auxiliaries That Do Not Change in Reported Speech 429

TOPIC TWO Clauses with if,whether,and Question Words 433

A.Clauses with if and whether 434

B.Clauses with Question Words 434

A.Reduction of Commands 438

TOPIC THREE Clause to Phrase Reduction 438

B.Reduction of Requests for Action and for Permission 439

C.Reduction of Embedded Questions 440

focus on testing Use of Noun Clauses 444

TOPIC FOUR Review:Chapters Nine to Twelve 445

focus on testing Review of Problem Areas:Chapters Nine to Twelve 454

Appendixes 附录 457

APPENDIX ONE Spelling Rules 458

APPENDIX TWO Formation of Statements and Questions 464

APPENDIX THREE Summary of Modal Auxiliaries and Related Structures 466

APPENDIX FOUR the with Proper Nouns 468

APPENDIX FIVE Summary of Gerunds and Infinitives 470

Index 索引 475