生物技术导论PDF电子书下载

Part 1 Fundamentals and principles 1

1 Public perception of biotechnology JOHN E．SMITH 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Public awareness of genetic engineering 4

1.3 Regulatory requirements-safety of genetically engineered foods 7

List of contributors 9

Contents 9

1.4 Labelling-how far should it go? 10

1.5 Policy making 11

1.6 Areas of significant public concern 12

Preface 13

1.7 Conclusions 16

1.8 Further reading 16

2.1 Introduction 17

2 Biochemistry and physiology of growth and metabolism COLIN RATLEDGE 17

2.2 Metabolism 18

2.3 Catabolic pathways 21

2.4 Gluconeogenesis 29

2.5 Energy production in aerobic micro-organisms 29

2.6 Anaerobic metabolism 32

2.7 Biosynthesis 35

2.8 Control of metabolic processes 38

2.9 Efficiency of microbial growth 43

2.10 Further reading 44

3 Stoichiometry and kinetics of microbial growth from a thermodynamic perspective J．J．HEIJNEN 45

Nomenclature 45

3.1 Introduction 45

3.2 Stoichiometry calculations 46

3.3 Stoichiometry predictions based on Gibbs energy dissipation 52

3.4 Growth kinetics from a thermodynamic point of view 56

3.5 Further reading 57

4 Genome management and analysis:prokaryotes COLIN R．HARWOOD and ANIL WIPAT 59

4.1 Introduction 59

4.2 Bacterial chromosomes and natural gene transfer 59

4.3 What is genetic engineering and what is it used for? 65

4.4 The basic tools of genetic engineering 66

4.5 Cloning vectors and libraries 76

4.6 Analysis of genomes/proteomes 81

4.7 Analysis of gene expression 83

4.8 Engineering genes and optimising products 87

4.9 Production of heterologous products 89

4.10 In silico analysis of bacterial genomes 92

4.11 Further reading 93

Glossary 95

5 Genetic engineering:yeasts and filamentous fungi DAVID B．ARCHER DONALD A．MACKENZIE and DAVID J．JEENES 95

5.1 Introduction 97

5.2 Introducing DNA into fungi(fungal transformation) 100

5.3 Gene cloning 107

5.4 Gene structure,organisation and expression 116

5.5 Special methodologies 119

5.6 Biotechnological applications of fungi 120

5.7 Further reading 126

6 Microbial process kinetics JENS NIELSEN 127

Nomenclature 127

6.1 Introduction 128

6.2 Kinetic modelling of cell growth 130

6.3 Mass balances for ideal bioreactors 141

6.4 Further reading 149

Nomenclature 151

7 Bioreactor design YUSUF CHISTI and MURRAY MOO-YOUNG 151

7.1 Introduction 152

7.2 Bioreactor configurations 153

7.3 Bioreactor design features 158

7.4 Design for sterile operation 159

7.5 Photobioreactors 162

7.6 Heat transfer 164

7.7 Shear effects in culture 168

7.8 Further reading 171

8 Mass transfer HENK J．NOORMAN 173

Nomenclature 173

8.1 Introduction 174

8.2 The mass transfer steps 175

8.3 Mass transfer equations 177

8.4 Determining the volumetric mass transfer coefficients 183

8.5 The effect of scale on mass transfer 185

8.6 Further reading 186

9 Downstream processing in biotechnology RAJNI HATTI-KAUL and BO MATTIASSON 187

9.1 Introduction 187

9.2 Downstream processing:a multistage operation 187

9.3 Solid-liquid separation 188

9.4 Release of intracellular components 193

9.5 Concentration of biological products 195

9.6 Purification by chromatography 204

9.7 Product formulation 207

9.8 Monitoring of downstream processing 209

9.9 Process integration 210

9.10 Further reading 211

10 Measurement and control A L？BBERT and R．SIMUTIS 213

Nomenclature 213

10.1 Introduction 214

10.2 Structure of process models 215

10.3 Kinetic rate expressions 216

10.4 Advanced modelling considerations 222

10.5 Process supervision and control 228

10.6 Open-loop control 230

10.7 Closed-loop control 231

10.8 Conclusion 236

10.9 Further reading 238

11 Process economics BJ？RN KRISTIANSENRAJNI 239

11.1 Introduction 239

11.2 The starting point 240

11.3 Cost estimates 240

11.4 Process design 242

11.5 Design exercise 244

11.7 Operating costs estimates 247

11.6 Capital costs estimates 247

11.8 The costs case-to build or not to build 250

11.9 Further reading 252

Part Ⅱ Practical applications 253

12 The business of biotechnology WILLIAM BAINS and CHRIS EVANS 255

12.1 Introduction 255

12.2 What is biotechnology used for? 255

12.3 Biotechnology companies,their care and nurturing 260

12.4 Investment in biotechnology 268

12.5 Who needs management? 275

12.6 Patents and biotechnology 278

12.7 Conclusion:jumping the fence 279

12.8 Further reading 279

13 Amino acids L．EGGELING,W．PFEFFERLE and H．SAHM 281

13.1　Introduction 281

13.2 Commerical use of amino acids 282

13.3 Production methods and tools 284

13.4 L-Glutamate 285

13.5 L-Lysine 289

13.6 L-Threonine 294

13.7 L-Phenylalanine 296

13.8 L-Tryptophan 298

13.9 L-Aspartate 300

13.10 Outlook 302

13.11 Acknowledgements 302

13.12 Further reading 302

14 Organic acids CHRISTIAN P．KUBICEK 305

14.1 Introduction 305

14.2　Citric acid 306

14.3　Gluconic acid 315

14.4　Lactic acid 317

14.5　Other acids 319

14.6 Further reading 324

15 Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates,polysaccharides and lipids ALISTAIR J．ANDERSON and JAMES P．WYNN 325

15.1 Introduction 325

15.2 Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates 325

15.3 Microbial polysaccharides 333

15.4 Microbial lipids 339

15.5 Further reading 348

16 Antibiotics DAVID A．LOWE 349

16.1 Introduction 349

16.2 Biosynthesis 351

16.3 Strain improvement 351

16.5 Analysis 354

16.6 Culture preservation and aseptic propagation 354

16.4 Genetic engineenng 354

16.7 Scale-up 355

16.8 Fermentation 356

16.9 Penicillins 361

16.10 Cephalosporins 367

16.11 New β-lactam technologies 368

16.12 Aminoglycosides 370

16.13 Macrolides 373

16.14 Economics 373

16.15 Good Manufactunng Practices 374

16.16 Further reading 375

17 Baker's yeast SVEN-OLOF ENFORS 377

Nomenclature 377

17.1 Introduction 378

17.2 Medium for baker's yeast production 380

17.3 Aerobic ethanol fornation and consumption 381

17.4 The fed-batch technique used to control ethanol production 384

17.5 Industrial process control 386

17.6 Process outline 387

17.7 Further reading 389

18 Production of enzymes DAVID A．LOWE 391

18.1 Introduction 391

18.2 Enzymes from animal and plant sources 393

18.3 Enzymes from microbial sources 395

18.4 Iarge-scaleproduction 396

18.5 Biochemical fundamentals 398

18.6 Genetic engineering 400

18.7 Recoveryofenzymes 402

18.8 Isolation of soluble enzymes 403

18.9 Enzyme purification 404

18.10 Immobilised enzymes 406

18.11 Legislativeand safetyaspects 407

18.12 Further reading 408

19 Synthesis of chemicals using enzymes 409

THORLEIF ANTHONSEN 409

19.1 Introduction 409

19.2 Hydrolytic enzymes 412

19.3 Chiral building blocks for synthesis 414

19.4 Reductions and oxidations 419

19.5 Use ofenzymes in sugar chemistry 422

19.6 Use ofenzymes to make amino acids and peptides 426

19.7 Further reading 428

20 Recombinant proteins of high value GEORG-B．KRESSE 429

20.1 Applications of high-value proteins 429

20.2 Analytical enzymes 430

20.3 Therapeutic proteins 436

20.4 Regulatory aspects of therapeutic proteins 446

20.5 Outlook to the future ofprotein therapies 446

20.6 Further reading 447

21 Mammalian cell culture N．VRIEZEN,J．P．VAN DIJKEN and L．H？GGSTR？M　　 449

21.1 Introduction 　 449

21.2 Mammalian cell lines and their characteristics 　 450

21.3 Commerical products 　 452

21.4 Protein glycosylation 　 453

21.5　Media for the cultivation ofmammalian cells　 455

21.6 Metabolism　 458

21.7　Large-scale cultivation of mammalian cells 462

21.8 Genetic engineering of mammalian cells 468

21.9 Further reading 470

22.1 Introduction 471

22 Biotransformations JOAQUIM M．S．CABRAL 471

22.2 Biocatalyst selection 473

22.3 Biocatalyst immobilisation and performance 475

22.4 Immobilised enzyme reactors 489

22.5 Biocatalysis in non-conventional media 491

22.6 Concluding remarks 500

22.7 Further reading 501

23 Immunochemical applications MIKE CLARK 503

Glossary 503

23.1 Introduction 506

23.2 Antibody structure and functions 506

23.3 Antibody protein fragments 510

23.4 Antibody affinity 512

23.5 Antibody specificity 513

23.6 Immunisation and production ofpolyclonal antisera 514

23.7 Monoclonal antibodies 517

23.8 Antibody engineering 518

23.9 Combinatorial and phage display libraries 520

23.10 In vitro uses of recombinant and monoclonal antibodies 522

23.11 In vivo uses ofrecombinant and monoclonal antibodies 526

23.12 Further reading 529

24 Environmental applications PHILIPPE VANDEVIVERE and WILLY VERSTRAETE 531

24.1 Introduction 531

24.2 Treatment of waste water 532

24.3 Digestion of organic slurries 540

24.4 Treatment of solid wastes 542

24.5 Treatment of waste gases 545

24.6 Soil remediation 549

24.7 Treatment of groundwater 554

24.8 Further reading 557

Index 559