客观语言测试PDF电子书下载

1 Prolegomena 1

Read this carefully before starting the test 1

Answer in 500 words:What is a test? 4

Technology and its uses or misuses 6

Pedagogical testing 7

Qualifying tests 8

Wider uses and stronger 8

A short history 9

PART ONE The history of the objective language test 15

2 The encroaching power of examinations 15

Shibboleths and other punishments 15

The Chinese principle 16

Liberty,equality,and examinations 17

The triumph of the competitive examination 19

The unavoidable uncertainty of the traditional examination 22

For the Numbers came 25

The measurement of intelligence 27

3 The new-type language test:1913-1935 33

Beginnings of language tests 33

The 1913 committee 35

The Army Alpha tests 36

Objective testing captures American education 37

The growth of new-type testing 40

The Modern Language Study and the American Council Alpha tests 41

Other standardized tests 46

4 Spreading the psychometric hegemony 53

Objectivity or control? 53

The College Board examination to test competence in the English language 55

Essay grading 59

The Cambridge examinations in English for foreigners 63

Repatriating reliability 66

Testing of aural comprehension 77

5 New technologies and consumer protection 77

Progress in language testing in the 1930s 80

New foreign language tests in Britain 84

Non-pedagogical uses of language tests 85

Technological advances in language testing in the 1930s 87

Consumer protection and the Buros reviews 90

6 Language testing goes to war:1940-1945 99

Oral language proficiency 99

US language testing goes to war:1943-1945 100

A wartime proposal 103

Post-war impact of the Army Specialized Training Program 106

Cambridge examinations in wartime 107

7 Prognostication and aptitude:1925-1960 117

Some early tests of prognosis 117

The Symonds'tests of prognosis 121

Kaulfers on prognosis 123

Other studies of prognosis 124

The Army UCLA aptitude study 126

The prediction of success in intensive foreign language training 128

The Modern Language Aptitude Test 130

The state of prophecy 133

8 Language testing in the national interest 139

Intensity and the Cold War 139

Modern language testing at the end of the 1940s 141

The 1947 English Examination for Foreign Students 144

Professionalization 147

9 Testing goes professional 155

The incorporation of language testing 155

Meeting at meetings 158

The state of the art in 1954 164

Speaking functionally at Foggy Bottom 174

10 Language testing triumphant:1954-1965 174

Maturity 174

The College Board tests in 1 954:objectivity triumphant 179

The Northeast conference:aural and oral testing 181

The Modern Language Association Foreign Language Proficiency Tests 186

Objectivity challenged 193

PART TWO TOEFL and the rise of the transatlantic English testing industry 197

11 English tests for foreigners:1945-1960 197

English language testing at Michigan 197

The American University Language Center tests 199

Lackland Air Force Base 201

British testing in the post-war period 203

The Cambridge examinations in English after 1945 205

12 The idea of TOEFL 217

Plans and participants 217

Discussions and decisions 225

13 TOEFL:gestation 237

The Educational Testing Service interest and the end of the English Examination for Foreign Students 237

Implementing the plan 240

14 The birth of TOEFL 251

The National Council starts work 251

Affiliations and plans 253

The second council meeting,May 1962 257

Negotiating 259

Tally-ho 261

15 Action in the boardrooms 269

The College Board defends its turf 269

Ford decides 274

The council acts,May 1963 277

16 TOEFL in action 281

The TOEFL programme starts work 281

The final form of the first test 283

The programme in operation in 1964 287

A bid for freedom 290

17 Dividing up the pot 299

The second and last year 299

Salvage operations 301

The National Council concedes 305

TOEFL at Princeton 307

18 The English testing industry 313

Growth of the TOEFL industry in Princeton 313

Research and development at TOEFL 317

The Test of Spoken English(TSE) 318

Reliability of essays 322

The Test of Written English(TWE) 327

Other TOEFL initiatives 331

TOEFL 2000 333

19 The Cambridge-Princeton test race 337

The Cambridge examinations examined 337

The other British tradition 341

Improving and internationalizing ELTS 343

The flourishing English testing industry 346

20 Jubilee:an envoi 349

Objectivity dominant 349

The scarch for the holy scale 349

How much does it hurt? 350

Re-embodying language proficiency 351

Oedipal?But what if I don't like my mother either? 352

Check your answers before you hand in the paper 353

Bibliography 361

Index of personal names 385

Subject Index 392