国际贸易实务英语PDF电子书下载

Unit One Introduction and Highlight 1

1.0 Nature of International Business 1

1.1 Motivations of Companies’Engagement in International Business 2

1.2 The Major Categories of International Business 3

1.2.1 Merchandise Exports and Imports 3

1.2.2 Service Exports and Imports 4

1.2.3 Investments 4

1.3 Some Essential Theories About International Trade 5

1.3.1 Protectionist Theories 6

Exercises 8

1.3.2 Free Trade Theories 11

1.3.2.1 Theory of Absolute Advantage 11

1.3.2.2 Theory of Comparative Advantage 14

1.3.2.3 Factor-proportions Theory 16

Exercises 18

Language Features for Unit One 20

Unit Two International Trade Policies 23

2.0 Overview 23

2.1 The Roles of GATT and WTO 24

2.1.1 Most-Favored-Nation Clause 25

2.1.2 GATT-sponsored Rounds 25

2.1.3 Tokyo Round 26

2.1.4 Uruguay Round 26

Exercises 27

2.2 Trade Barriers 28

2.2.1 Tariffs 28

2.2.1.1 Revenue Tariff 28

2.2.1.2 Protective Tariff 29

2.2.1.3 Prohibitive Tariff and Retaliatory Tariff 29

2.2.1.4 Regulatory Tariff 30

2.2.1.5 Anti-dumping Tariff 30

2.2.2 Non-tariff Trade Barriers 32

2.2.2.1 Import License 33

2.2.2.2 Government Procurement 33

2.2.2.3 Technological Barriers of Trade 33

2.2.2.4 Customs Valuation 34

Exercises 35

2.2.3 Export Encouragement Policies 37

2.2.3.1 Export Subsidy 37

2.2.3.2 Generalized System of Preference 39

2.2.3.2.1 Principle of the Place of Origin 40

2.2.3.2.2 The Principal Content of GSP 41

2.2.3.3 Other Export Encouragement Policies 42

Exercises 44

Language Features for Unit Two 45

Unit Three The Quality of Goods 49

3.0 Overview 49

3.1 Definition of Quality and Its Requirements 49

Exercises 51

3.2 Methods Expressing the Quality of Goods 52

3.2.1 Sales by Inspection 52

3.2.2 Sales by Samples 53

Exercises 55

3.2.3 Sales by Specifications，Grade，and Standard 55

3.2.4 Sales by Brand or Trade Mark 57

3.2.5 Sales by Place of Origin 58

3.2.6 Sales by Booklets，Drawings，or Diagrams 59

Exercises 60

3.3 Tolerance Clause 62

Exercises 64

Language Features for Unit Three 65

Unit Four The Quantity of Goods 67

4.0 Overview 67

4.1 Units of Measures and Weights 67

4.1.1 Weight 67

4.1.2 Length 69

4.1.3 Area 69

4.1.4 Volume 70

4.1.5 Capacity 70

4.1.6 Package Units 71

Exercises 71

4.2 The Calculation of the Weight of Goods 72

4.2.1 Gross Weight 73

4.2.2 Net Weight 73

4.2.3 Legal Weight 73

4.2.4 Net Net Weight 74

4.2.5 Conditioned Weight 74

4.2.6 Theoretical Weight 74

4.3 More or Less Clause 75

Exercises 76

Language Features for Unit Four 77

Unit Five Packing and Marking 81

5.0 Overview 81

5.1 Cargoes That Need Packing 81

5.2 Packing for Transportation 82

Exercises 83

5.3 Packing for Sales 85

Exercises 86

5.4 Various Kinds of Marks 87

5.4.1 Shipping Marks 87

5.4.1.1 Abbreviations of Consignees or Buyers 87

5.4.1.2 Reference No. 88

5.4.1.3 The Name of the Unloading Port 88

5.4.1.4 Package No. 88

5.4.2 Indicative Marks and Warning Marks 89

5.4.3 Dimension Mark，Weight Mark，and Mark of the Place of Origin 89

5.4.4 Universal Product Code 91

5.5 Neutral Packing and Brand Supplied by the Customers 91

Exercises 91

Language Features for Unit Five 93

Unit Six Price of Goods 95

6.0 Overview 95

6.1 Links and Liabilities 95

6.2 Price Terms 96

6.2.1 Ex Works Terms 96

6.2.2 F Terms 97

6.2.2.1 FAS—Free Alongside Ship 97

6.2.2.2 FCA—Free Carrier 98

6.2.2.3 FOB—Free on Board 99

Exercises 102

6.2.3 C Terms 103

6.2.3.1 CFR—Cost and Freight 104

6.2.3.2 CIF—Cost，Insurance，and Freight 106

6.2.3.3 CPT—Carriage Paid to(...named place of destination) 107

Exercises 108

6.2.4 D Terms 110

6.2.4.1 DAF—Delivered at Frontier(...named place) 110

6.2.4.2 DES—Delivered ex Ship(...named port of destination) 111

6.2.4.3 DEQ-Delivered ex Quay(duty paid) 111

6.2.4.4 DDU—Delivered Duty Unpaid(...named place of destination) 112

6.2.4.5 DDP—Delivered Duty Paid(...named place of destination) 113

6.3 Commission and Discount 114

6.4 Price Clause in Contract 115

6.4.1 Unit Price 115

6.4.2 Price Adjustment 116

Exercises 117

Language Features for Unit Six 120

Unit Seven Delivery of Goods 123

7.0 Overview 123

7.1 Time of Delivery 123

7.2 Place of Delivery，Place of Loading，and Place of Destination 126

7.2.1 Ways to State the Port of Shipment and the Place of Departure 126

7.2.2 Ways to State the Port or Place of Destination 127

7.2.2.1 General Rule 127

7.2.2.2 Optional Ports 127

7.2.2.3 Partial Shipment 127

7.2.2.4 Transshipment 128

7.2.2.5 Additional Points About the Port of Destination 128

Exercises 129

7.3 The Transportation of Goods 131

7.3.1 Marine Transport 131

7.3.1.1 Liners 132

7.3.1.1.1 Freight of Liners 132

7.3.1.1.2 The Calculation of the Freight of Liners 133

7.3.1.2 Tramps 134

7.3.1.2.1 Voyage Charter，Time Charter，Demise Charter 135

7.3.1.2.2 Charter Party 135

Exercises 137

7.3.2 Other Modes of Transport 139

7.3.2.1 Air Transport 139

7.3.2.2 Railway Transport 139

7.3.2.3 Parcel 139

7.3.2.4 Combined Transport 140

7.3.2.5 Containerized Transport 140

Exercises 141

7.4 Transport Documents 142

7.4.1 Marine Transport Bill of Lading 143

7.4.1.1 The Nature and Chief Content of B/L 143

7.4.1.2 The Varieties of B/L 145

7.4.2 Air Waybill 149

Exercises 150

Language Features for Unit Seven 151

Unit Eight Cargo Transport Insurance 154

8.0 Overview 154

8.1 Risks and Losses 155

8.1.1 Risks 155

8.1.1.1 Perils of the Sea 155

8.1.1.2 Extraneous Risks 156

8.1.2 Losses 156

8.1.2.1 Total Loss 156

8.1.2.2 Partial Loss 157

8.1.2.3 Expenses 158

Exercises 159

8.2 Ocean Marine Insurance Under C.I.C. 160

8.2.1 Basic Risks Coverage for Ocean Transportation Under C.I.C. 161

8.2.1.1 Free From Particular Average(F.P.A.) 161

8.2.1.2 With Average(W.A.) 162

8.2.1.3 All Risks 162

8.2.1.4 Commencement and Termination of the Insurance 163

8.2.1.5 Exclusions 163

8.2.2 Additional Risks Coverage for Ocean Transportation Under C.I.C. 164

8.2.2.1 General Additional Risks 164

8.2.2.2 Special Additional Risks 165

8.2.3 Specific Ocean Marine Insurance Coverage 166

8.2.3.1 Ocean Marine Insurance for Frozen Products 167

8.2.3.2 Exclusions 167

8.2.3.3 Commencement and Termination 167

8.2.4 Ocean Marine Cargo Insurance 168

Exercises 168

8.3 Overland，Air Transportation and Parcel Post Insurance 172

8.3.1 Overland Transportation Insurance 172

8.3.2 Air Transportation Risks Insurance 173

8.3.3 Parcel Post Insurance 174

Exercises 175

8.4 Institute Cargo Clauses 176

8.4.1 Institute Cargo Clauses A 177

8.4.2 Institute Cargo Clauses B 178

8.4.3 Institute Cargo Clauses C 179

Exercises 180

8.5 Export and Import Insurance Practice 182

8.5.1 Export Insurance Practice 182

8.5.1.1 Formalities in Export Insurance Practice 182

8.5.1.2 Conformity of Insurance Policy With Sales Contract and Letter of Credit 183

8.5.1.3 Insurance Documents 185

8.5.1.3.1 Insurance Policy 185

8.5.1.3.2 Insurance Certificate 185

8.5.1.3.3 Combined Certificate 185

8.5.1.3.4 Open Policy or Open Cover 186

8.5.1.4 Franchise and Right of Subrogation 186

8.5.1.5 Insurance Clauses in a Sales Contract 187

8.5.1.6 Insurance Claim Settlement for Damages to Exported Goods 187

Exercises 189

8.5.2 Import Insurance Practice 190

Exercises 193

Language Features for Unit Eight 195

Unit Nine Export Payment 198

9.0 Overview 198

9.1 The Amount of Payment 198

9.2 Payment Currency 199

Exercises 201

9.3 Instruments 202

9.3.1 Draft or Bill of Exchange 202

9.3.1.1 Definition，Parties，and Chief Contents 202

9.3.1.2 Types of Drafts 205

9.3.1.3 Stages in Handling a Bill of Exchange 207

Exercises 210

9.3.2 Promissory Note 212

9.3.3 Check 214

Exercises 215

9.4 Payment Methods 218

9.4.1 Remittance 218

9.4.2 Collection 220

9.4.2.1 The Parties Involved Under Collection 220

9.4.2.2 Varieties of Documentary Collection 222

9.4.2.2.1 Documents Against Payment(D/P) 222

9.4.2.2.2 Documents Against Acceptance(D/A) 224

9.4.2.3 Some Particular Remarks About Collection 225

Exercises 226

9.4.3 Letter of Credit 227

9.4.3.1 Definition and Performances 228

9.4.3.2 The Parties Involved 229

9.4.3.3 The Chief Contents of L/C 230

9.4.3.4 The Procedures Involved in the Use of L/C 231

Exercises 236

9.4.3.5 The Varieties of L/C 238

Exercises 249

9.4.4 Other Payment Methods 251

9.4.4.1 Letter of Guarantee 251

9.4.4.2 Standby L/C 253

9.4.4.3 Factoring 254

9.4.4.4 Combined Use of Different Method of Payment 257

9.4.4.4.1 Combination of L/C and Collection 258

9.4.4.4.2 Combination of L/C and Remittance 258

9.4.4.4.3 Combination of Documentary Collection and Down Payment 258

9.4.4.4.4 Combination of Documentary Collection and Standby L/C 259

Exercises 259

Language Features for Unit Nine 262

Unit Ten Business Negotiation and Conclusion of Sales Contracts 265

10.0 Overview 265

10.1 Preparation Before Business Negotiation 265

10.2 Negotiators’Training 267

10.3 What the Negotiators Should Know Before Business Negotiation 267

10.4 Business Negotiation 271

10.4.1 Inquiry 272

10.4.2 Offer 273

10.4.2.1 The Requirements for an Offer 274

10.4.2.2 The Time of Validity of an Offer 276

10.4.2.3 The Withdrawal and Revocation of an Offer 277

10.4.2.4 The Termination of an Offer 279

10.4.3 Counter-offer 279

Exercises 280

10.4.4 Acceptance 282

10.4.4.1 The Requirements of Acceptance 282

10.4.4.2 Late Acceptance 284

10.4.4.3 The Withdrawal of an Acceptance 284

10.5 Conclusion of a Written Contract 285

10.5.1 The Importance of a Written Contract 285

10.5.2 The Form of a Sales Contract 287

Exercises 289

Language Features for Unit Ten 293

Unit Eleven The Performance of Export Contract 296

11.0 Overview 296

11.1 Preparation for Shipment 296

11.2 Prepare Goods for Shipment 297

11.2.1 Fill in L/C Analysis 297

11.2.2 Produce Consignment Packing List 298

11.2.3 Produce and Issue Export Notice 298

11.2.4 L/C Reminding 298

11.2.5 Book and Number the L/C 299

11.2.6 Examine the L/C 299

11.2.7 Make Overall Examination 299

11.2.8 Examine Individual Clauses 301

Exercises 305

11.3 Amendment of the L/C 307

11.4 Producing the Outward Notice 307

11.5 Insurance，Commercial Inspection，and Export License 308

11.6 Producing Consignment Bill 308

11.7 Prepare the Required Documents and Conduct Settlement of Payment 309

11.8 Financing Receivables 314

Exercises 316

Language Features for Unit Eleven 320

Unit Twelve International Business Collaboration 323

12.0 Overview 323

12.1 The Choice of Foreign Operational Forms 324

12.1.1 Legal Factors 324

12.1.2 Cost 325

12.1.3 Experience 326

12.1.4 Competition 326

12.1.5 Risk 327

12.1.6 Control 328

12.1.7 Product Complexity 328

12.2 Licensing 329

12.2.1 Economic Motives 330

12.2.2 Strategic Motives 331

12.2.3 Political and Legal Motives 332

12.3 Franchising 332

Exercises 335

12.4 Management Contracts 339

12.5 Turnkey Operations 340

12.6 Custom Contracts 342

12.7 Access to Foreign Technology 342

12.8 Shared Ownership 344

12.8.1 100-percent Ownership 344

12.8.2 Reasons for Shared Ownership 345

12.8.3 Equity as a Control Mechanism 346

12.8.4 Joint Ventures 346

12.9 Management of Foreign Operations 348

Exercises 350

Language Features for Unit Twelve 353

Unit Thirteen Export and Import Strategies 357

13.0 Overview 357

13.1 Decisive Elements in Exporting 357

13.2 Export Strategy 359

13.2.1 Entry Mode 359

13.2.2 Exporting Motivation 360

13.2.3 Factors Favoring Exportation 361

13.2.4 Stages of Export 362

13.2.5 Potential Pitfalls 363

13.2.6 Designing an Export Strategy 364

13.3 Export Intermediaries 366

13.3.1 Direct Selling 367

13.3.2 Indirect Selling 369

13.3.3 Export Management Companies 369

13.3.4 Export Trading Companies 371

13.3.5 Piggyback Exports 372

Exercises 373

13.4 Foreign Freight Forwarders 377

13.4.1 Air and Ocean Freight 379

13.4.2 Export Documentation 380

13.5 Counter Trade 381

13.5.1 Barter Trade 382

13.5.2 Offset Trade 382

13.6 The Import Strategy 384

13.6.1 Role of Customs Agencies 385

13.6.2 Import Documentation 387

Exercises 389

Language Features for Unit Thirteen 393

Unit Fourteen Important Factors About Foreign Direct Investment 395

14.0 Overview 395

14.1 The Implication of Foreign Direct Investment 395

14.1.1 What Is Control 396

14.1.2 The Concern About Control From Different Parties 396

14.1.3 Means of Acquiring Assets 398

14.2 Trade Is Closely Related to Factor Mobility 399

14.3 Reasons for Foreign Direct Investment 400

Exercises 407

14.3.2 Resource-seeking Investments 411

14.3.2.1 Advantages of Rationalized Production 412

14.3.2.2 Governmental Incentives and Political Motives 413

14.4 The Alternatives of Buying and Building 415

14.4.1 Buying 415

14.4.2 Building 416

14.5 Advantages of Foreign Direct Investment 416

14.5.1 Monopoly Advantages Before Direct Investment 417

14.5.2 Advantages After Direct Investment. 418

14.6 Direct Investment Patterns 418

14.6.1 Sources of Foreign Direct Investment 419

14.6.2 Location of Investment 420

14.6.3 Economic Sector of Investment 420

Exercises 421

Language Features for Unit Fourteen 425