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CHAPTER one 第一章 Language and Learning 语言和学习 1

TOPIC ONE The Sentence and Its Parts 2

A.Parts of Speech 3

B.Sentences 4

C.Subjects 5

D.Verbs,Objects,and Complements 5

E.Preview of the Tense System 6

TOPIC TWO The Simple Tenses 9

A.The Simple Tenses:An Overview 10

B.The Simple Present Tense 10

C.Special Uses of the Simple Present Tense 11

D.The Simple Future and Be Going To 12

E.The Simple Past Tense 14

F.The Habitual Past:Would+Simple Form and Used To+Simple Form 15

TOPIC THREE The ContinuousTenses 18

A.The Continuous Tenses:An Overview 18

B.The Present Continuous Tense 19

C.The Past Continuous Tense 21

D.The Future Continuous Tense 23

TOPIC FOUR The Perfect and Perfect Continuous Tenses and Verb Tense Review 25

A.The Perfect Tenses:An Overview 26

B.The Present Perfect Tense 27

C.The Perfect Continuous Tenses:An Overview 28

D.The Present Perfect Continuous and Present Perfect Tenses 29

E.The Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses 30

F.The Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous Tenses 33

TOPIC FIVE Modal Auxiliaries 38

A.Introduction to Modal Auxiliaries 39

B.Ability and Potential with Can,Could,and Be Able To 40

C.Advice and Suggestions with Had Better,Should (Have),Ought To(Have),Could(Have),and Might(Have) 41

D.Expectations with Ought To and Should 42

E.Need or Obligation with Must,Have To,and Have Got To 43

F.Lack of Need with Not Have To 43

G.Possibility with May (Have),Might (Have),and Could (Have) 44

H.Probability with Must (Have) 44

I.Preferences with Would (Have) 46

J.Requests and Permission with Can,Could,May,Will,and Would 47

K.Introduction to Focus on Testing 51

focus on testing:verb tenses 51

CHAPTER two 第二章 Danger and Daring 危险和冒险 53

TOPIC ONE Review of Nouns,Pronouns,and Possessive Adjectives 55

A.Introduction to Nouns 56

B.Count Nouns 56

C.Noncount Nouns 58

D.Nouns That Are Both Count and Noncount 59

E.Personal Pronouns and Possesive Adjectives 61

focus on testing:pronoun usage 62

TOPIC TWO Indefinite Articles and Quantifiers 63

A.Indefinite Articles 64

B.Units of Measurement 67

C.Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns 68

TOPIC THREE The Definite Article(1) 70

A.The Definite Article with Count Nouns 71

B.The Definite Article with Noncount Nouns 72

C.The with Quantifiers 74

D.Quantifiers and Subject/Verb Agreement 75

E.The Number ofVersus A Number of:Subject/Verb Agreement 77

F.Two-Part Subjects:Subject/Verb Agreement 78

TOPIC FOUR The Definite Article(2) 80

TOPIC FIVE Problem Areas with Nouns 85

A.Word Order with Noun Modifiers 86

B.Collective Nouns:Agreement with Verbs and Pronouns 87

C.Subject/Verb Word Order with"Negative"Adverbs 89

D.Parallel Structu re with Nouns and Noun Modifiers 90

focus on testing:noun usage 92

CHAPTER three 第三章 Man and Woman 男人和女人 93

TOPIC ONE Commands and Exclamations 94

A.Commands 95

B.Exclamations 96

TOPIC TWO Compound Sentences 98

A.Coordinating Conjunctions with Clauses 98

B.Coo rdinating Conjunctions with Words and Phrases 101

C.Correlative Conjunctions 103

TOPIC THREE Transitions 107

TOPIC FOUR Complex Sentences 111

A.Complex Sentences:An Overview 113

B.Complex Sentences:Focus 117

TOPIC FIVE Sentence Problems 119

A.Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences 120

B.Fragments 121

focus on testing:compound and complex sentences 124

CHAPTER four 第四章 Mysteries Past and Present 古今之谜 125

TOPIC ONE Adjective Clauses:Restrictive Versus Nonrestrictive 126

A.Introduction to Adjective Clauses 128

B.Restrictive versus Non restrictive Adjective Clauses 128

TOPIC TWO Adjective Clauses:Replacement of Subjects 132

A.Clauses with Who,Which,or That 133

B.Clauses with Whose 134

TOPIC THREE Adjective Clauses:Replacement of Objects 137

A.Clauseswith Whom,Which,or That(1) 138

B.Clauseswith Whom,Which,or That(2) 140

C.Clauses with Whose 142

TOPIC FOUR Other Adjective Clause Constructions 144

A.Clauses with When and Where 145

B.Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses and Expressions of Quantity 147

C.Adjective Clauses and Subject/Verb Agreement 148

TOPIC FIVE Review of Chapters One to Four 151

focus on testing:review of problem areas from chapters one to four 154

CHAPTER five 第五章 Transitions 人生转折 157

TOPIC ONE Clauses and Related Structu res ofTime:Future Time 159

A.Transitions of Sequence 160

B.Time Clauses with the Present,Present Perfect,and Future Tenses 162

C.Time Clauses with the Simple Present and Future Perfect(Continuous)Tenses 163

D.Punctuation of Adverb Clauses and Ph rases 163

TOPIC TWO Clauses and Related Structu res of Time:Present and Unspecified Time 167

TOPIC THREE Clauses and Related Structu res of Cause and Result 173

TOPIC FOUR Clauses and Related Structu res ofTime:Past Time 180

A.Time Clauses and Ph rases with the Simple Past and Past Perfect Tenses 181

B.Time Clauses and Ph rases with the Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses 182

focus on testing:connecting words and use of tenses 189

CHAPTER six 第六章 The Mind 大脑 191

TOPIC ONE Clauses and Related Structures of Contrast 1 Concession 193

TOPIC TWO Clauses and Related Structures of Contrast 2 Opposition 199

TOPIC THREE Clauses and Ph rases of Purpose 206

TOPIC FOUR Clauses and Related Structures of Compa rison 210

A.Compa rative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs 211

B.Clauses and Phrases Showing Comparison 212

TOPIC FIVE Clauses of Result 217

focus on testing:adverb clauses and related structures 224

CHAPTER seven 第七章 Working 工作 227

TOPIC ONE Clauses with That;Reported Speech 229

A.Introduction to Noun Clauses 230

B.Quotations Versus Reported Speech 232

C.Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech 232

D.Changes in Modal Auxiliaries with Reported Speech 233

E.Changes in Pronouns,Adjectives,and Adverbials with Reported Speech 234

F.Changing Commands to Reported Speech 234

TOPIC TWO Clauses with Embedded Questions 236

A.Clauses with Embedded Questions 237

B.Clauses with If and Whether 238

TOPIC THREE Statements and Requests of Urgency 242

A.Statements of Urgency with That 243

B.Urgent Requests with That 244

TOPIC FOUR Clauses as Subjects of Sentences 247

A.Clauses as Subjects of Sentences 248

B.Anticipatory It and Clauses with That 249

TOPIC FIVE Reduction of Clauses to Infinitive Ph rases 253

A.Reduction of That Clauses in the Subjunctive Mood 254

B.Reduction of Indirect Commands,Requests,and Embedded Questions 256

focus on testing:noun clauses and noun clause reductions 260

CHAPTER eight 第八章 Breakthroughs 突破 263

TOPIC ONE The Simple Tenses 265

A.Introduction to the Passive Voice 266

B.The Simple Tenses 267

C.By+Agent 268

D.Common Expressions in the Passive Voice 270

E.Get+Adjective or Past Participle 271

F.Anticipatory It 272

TOPIC TWO The Perfect Tenses 275

TOPIC THREE The Continuous Tenses 282

TOPIC FOUR The Modal Auxiliaries 287

focus on testing:use of the passive voice 295

TOPIC FIVE Review of Chapters Five to Eight 296

focus on testing:review of problem areas from chapters five to eight 301

CHAPTER nine 第九章 Art and Entertainment 艺术和娱乐 303

TOPIC ONE Gerunds 305

A.Functions of Gerunds 306

B.Gerunds as Objects of Prepositions 306

C.To+Gerund 307

D.Geru nds as Objects of Verbs 309

E.Subjects of Gerunds 310

F.Direct Objects of Gerunds 311

TOPIC TWO Infinitives 313

A.Functions of Infinitives 314

B.Infinitives as Objects of Verbs 314

C.Verbs That May Be Followed by(Pro)nouns and Infinitives 315

D.Verbs That Must Be Followed by a(Pro)noun Object Before an Infinitive 316

E.Adverbs,Adjectives,and Nouns Followed by Infinitives 319

TOPIC THREE Verbs Followed by Either Infinitives or Gerunds 323

TOPIC FOUR Infinitives and Gerunds as Subjects and Complements;Parallelism 331

A.Infinitives and Gerunds as Subjects and Complements 332

B.Parallelism 333

focus on testing:use of infinitives and gerunds 336

CHAPTER ten 第十章 Ethical Questions 伦理问题 339

TOPIC ONE Hope Versus Wish 341

A.Hope Versus Wish 341

B.Subjunctive Forms with Wish 342

TOPIC TWO Imaginary Conditions:Present and Unspecified Time 345

A.Otherwise:Present Time 346

B.Imagina ry Conditions:Present and Unspecified Time 347

C.Imaginary Conditions with Should or Were+Infinitive 352

TOPIC THREE Perfect Modal Auxiliaries 354

TOPIC FOUR Imaginary Conditions:Past and Present Time 360

A.Otherwise:Past Time 361

B.Imaginary Conditions:Past Time 362

C.Imaginary Conditions:Past and Present Time 364

focus on testing:use of subjunctive and conditional forms 367

TOPIC FIVE Factual Conditions:Present,Futu re,and Unspecified Time 368

A.Factual Conditions:Present o r Unspecified time 370

B.Factual Conditions:Future Time 371

CHAPTER eleven 第十一章 Medicine 医药 375

TOPIC ONE Adjective Clause to Phrase Reduction 376

A.Introduction to Pa rticipial Ph rases 378

B.Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Active Voice 378

C.Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Simple-Tense Verbs in the Passive Voice 379

D.Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Continuous-Tense Verbs in the Passive Voice 380

E.Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in Perfect Tenses 381

F.Review of Restrictive and Non restrictive Adjective Clauses 383

G.Placement of Nonrestrictive Pa rticipial Clauses 383

TOPIC TWO Verbs Followed by Participial Constructions;The Verbs Lay/Lie,Raise/Rise 385

A.Verbs with Two-Part Objects 386

B.Verbs of Perception 387

C.By with Phrases of Means or Manner 389

D.Lay/Lie,Raise/Rise 390

TOPIC THREE Adverb Clause to Ph rase Reduction 392

A.Adverb Clause to Phrase Reduction 393

B.Elliptical Phrases 394

C.Dangling Phrases 396

TOPIC FOUR Causative and Structu rally Related Verbs 398

focus on testing:use of participial phrases and related structures 405

CHAPTER twelve 第十二章 The Future 未来 407

TOPIC ONE Passive,Continuous,and Perfect Infinitives 409

A.Review of Active and Passive Forms of Simple Infinitives 410

B.Pe rfect and Continuous Forms of Active Infinitives 411

C.More Verbs Followed by Infinitive Objects 413

TOPIC TWO Passive and Perfect Gerunds 418

A.Review of Active and Passive Forms of Simple Gerunds 419

B.Perfect Forms of Gerunds 420

C.More Verbs Followed by Gerund Objects 423

focus on testing:use ofgerunds and infinitives 426

TOPIC THREE Review 427

focus on testing:review of problem areas from chapters nine to twelve 434

Appendix 附录 437

Index 索引 454