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PART ONE DIPLOMACY AND DIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE-A STYLISTIC STUDY OF DIPLOMATIC ENGLISH 3

1.Diplomacy and Diplomatic Language 3

1.1 Linguistic Guide to the Study of Diplomatic Language 3

1.2 Definition of‘Diplomacy’ and the Important Role Language Plays in Diplomacy 8

1.3 The Origin and Evolution of Modern Diplomacy and Its Cultural Background and the Evolution of Diplomatic Language 10

1.3.1 The Origin of Diplomacy 10

1.3.2 The Cultural Background of Modern Diplomacy 11

1.3.3 The Evolution of Diplomacy and Diplomatic Language 15

1.4 Diplomatic Activities 26

1.4.1 Functions of Diplomatic Activities 26

1.4.2 Diplomatic Rules and Procedures 29

1.5 Questions 35

2.The Past and the Present of Diplomatic Language 37

2.1 Diplomatic Language 37

2.2 Guarded Understatement 37

2.3 Technical Terms in Diplomacy 41

2.4 The Actual Language Used in Diplomacy 42

2.4.1 Latin 44

2.4.2 French 45

2.4.3 English 47

2.5 Questions 53

3.Main Features of Diplomatic Activities and Diplomatic Language 54

3.1 Main Features of Diplomatic Activities 54

3.1.1 Conservativeness 54

3.1.2 Formalism 57

3.1.3 Rigid Hierarchy and Precedence 60

3.1.4 Causes of the Above-mentioned Features 63

3.2 Linguistic Analysis of Diplomatic Language 66

3.3 Users of Diplomatic Language(dialect) 66

3.4 Uses of Diplomatic Language(register) 70

3.4.1 Field of Discourse of Diplomatic Language 71

3.4.2 Tenor of Discourse of Diplomatic Language 72

3.4.3 Mode of Discourse(medium)of Diplomatic Language 73

3.4.4 General Features of Diplomatic Language 80

3.5 Trend of Diplomatic Language 96

3.6 Questions 100

4.Varieties of Diplomatic Language and Their Respective Linguistic Features 102

4.1 Functions of Language 102

4.2 Classification of Diplomatic Language in Terms of Function 103

4.3 Varieties of Diplomatic Language and Their Respective Linguistic Features 104

4.3.1 Conversation on Social Occasions(phatic function) 105

4.3.2 Speeches or Talks on Diplomatic Occasions(conative,emotive and poetic functions) 106

4.3.3 Diplomatic Documents concerning Protocol Matters(phatic and emotive functions) 113

4.3.4 Diplomatic Documents for Publicity(conative function) 118

4.3.5 Diplomatic Documents for Communication(referential function) 120

4.3.6 Diplomatic Documents for Identification(referential function) 124

4.3.7 Legal Diplomatic Documents(referential and metalinguistic functions) 128

4.4 Questions 137

5.Conclusion 139

PART TWO SELECTED READINGS IN DIPLOMATIC ENGLISH(CLASSIFIED IN TERMS OF FUNCTION) 153

1.CONVERSATION ON SOCIAL OCCASIONS(phatic function,omitted) 153

2.SPEECHES OR TALKS ON DIPLOMATIC OCCASIONS(conative,emotive and poetic functions) 153

2.1 Discussion on the Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina at Security Council(Dec.18,1997) 153

2.2 Qian Qichen Talks about International Issues and China's Foreign Policies(March 12,1997) 185

2.3 Towards a China-US Relationship for the 21st Century(April 29,1997) 192

2.4 Speech by President Jiang Zemin at the White House State Dinner(October 29,1997) 204

2.5 Remarks of President Clinton at Arrival Ceremony(October 29,1997) 208

2.6 President Nixon's Toast at the Banquet Given by Premier Zhou Enlai(Feb.21,1972) 209

2.7 President Nixon's Toast for Reciprocal Banquet(Feb.25,1972) 214

2.8 Questions 217

3.DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS CONCERNING MATTERS OF PROTOCOL(phatic and emotive functions) 219

3.1 Speech on Presentation of Credentials by Chinese Ambassador to India(Translation) 219

3.2 Chinese Leader's Condolences on the Passing Away of Ohira(June 12,1980) 221

3.3 To Express Sympathy over an Assassination Attempt(October 8,1959) 222

3.4 Telegram of Thanks to President Clinton by President Jiang Zemin(November 3,1997) 222

3.5 Questions 224

4.DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS FOR PUBLICITY(conative function) 225

4.1 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Complete prohibition and Thorough Destruction of Nuclear Weapons(Translation)(July 31,1963) 225

4.2 Joint China-US Statement(October 29,1997) 233

4.3 Joint Sino-French Declaration on the Establishment of a Comprehensive Partnership(May 16,1997) 241

4.4 Announcement on President Nixon's Visit to China(January 15,1971) 255

4.5 Joint Communiqué between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America(Issued in Shanghai,February 28,1972) 256

4.6 Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America(January 1,1979) 263

4.7 Foreign Ministry News Briefings(November 10,12,1998) 264

4.8 Questions 267

5.DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS FOR COMMUNICATION(referential function) 269

5.1 Formal Note to Notify the Arrival of a Chargéd'affaires a.i.(to dean of the diplomatic corps)(Translation) 269

5.2 Verbal Note to Inform Another Embassy of the Establishment of an Embassy and the Designation of its Chargéd'affaires a.i.(Translation) 270

5.3 Formal Diplomatic Letter to Invite a Leader for a Visit(Translation) 271

5.4 Informal Diplomatic Letter to Request Assistance in Providing Facilities for Covering a Visit 272

5.5 Personal Message from Prime Minister Nehru to Premier Zhou Enlai(September 14,1956) 273

5.6 Letter from Premier Zhou Enlai to Prime Minister Nehru(October 19,1956) 275

5.7 Memorandum Concerning a Protocol Reform(Translation) 277

5.8 Telegram to Notify Decision to Establish Diplomatic Relations 278

5.9 Questions 279

6.DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS FOR IDENTIFICATION(referential function) 281

6.1 Sample of a Standard Passport of the United States of America 281

6.2 Letter of Credence for Ambassador of Ceylon Accredited to China 293

6.3 Full Powers 294

6.3.1 A Chinese Example(translation) 294

6.3.2 A British Example 295

6.3.3 An American Example 297

6.4 Letter of Introduction(Translation) 298

6.5 Letter of Appointment of a Consul-General 298

6.6 Exequatur 299

6.7 Questions 299

7.LEGAL DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS 301

7.1 Treaty on European Union(Extracted)(Maastricht,February 1992) 301

7.2 Sino-American Trade Agreement(July 7,1979) 326

7.3 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Austria and the Government of the People's Republic of China Concerning Cooperation in Matters of Health(May 13,1998) 335

7.4 Protocol on Economic Cooperation between China and Australia(September 22,1981) 338

7.5 Charter of the United Nations(Abridged)(July 26,1945) 342

7.6 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations(April 18,1961) 359

7.7 Universal Declaration of Human Rights(adopted and proclaimed by UN General Assembly resolution 217 A(Ⅲ)of December 10,1948) 384

7.8 Notes Exchanges between China and Japan on Japanese Loans to China(September 4,1997) 394

7.9 Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Construction of the New Airport in Hong Kong and Related Questions(September 3,1991) 401

7.10 Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities(September 8,1986) 407

7.11 Notice to Military Attachés of Foreign Embassies in the People's Republic of China(August 1,1988) 415

7.12 Power of Attorney,Certificate and Samples of Authentication 422

7.13 Questions 425