语言学概论 英文本PDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 Language and Linguistics: an Overview 1

1.1 What is language? 1

1.2 Features of human language 2

1.3 Functions of language 5

1.4 Types of language 6

1.5 The myth of language: language origin 8

1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language 9

TUTORLAL ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS 13

MINI-PROJECTS 13

CHAPTER 2 Phonetics: the Study of Speech Sounds 14

2.1 The study of speech sounds 14

2.2 The sound-producing mechanism 14

2.3 Phonetic transcription of speech sounds 16

2.4 Description of English consonants 17

2.5 Description of English vowels 19

2.6 Phonetic features and natural classes 21

TUTORLAL ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS 22

MINI-PROJECTS 23

CHAPTER 3 Phonology: the Study of Sound Systems and Patterns 24

3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns 24

3.2 Phonemes and allophones 24

3.3 Discovering phonemes 25

3.4 distinctive features and non-distinctive features 27

3.5 Phonological rules 28

3.6 Syllable structure 29

3.7 Sequence of phonemes 30

3.8 features above segments 31

TUTORLAL ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS 33

MINI-PROJECTS 35

CHAPTER 4 Morphology: the study of Word Structure 36

4.1 Words and word structure 36

4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language 36

4.3 Classification of morphemes 37

4.4 Formation of English words 38

TUTORLAL ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS 43

MINI-PROJECTS 44

CHAPTER 5 Syntax: the Analysis of Sentence Structure 45

5.1 Grammaticality 45

5.2 Knowledge of sentence structure 46

5.3 different approaches to syntax 47

5.4 Transformational-generative grammar 49

5.5 Systemic-functional grammar 60

TUTORLAL ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS 69

MINI-PROJECTS 72

CHAPTER 6 Semantics: the Analysis Meaning 73

6.1 The study of meaning 73

6.2 Reference and sense 74

6.3 Classification of lexical meanings 75

6.4 Lexical sense relations 77

6.5 Describing lexical meaning: componential analysis 80

6.6 Words and concepts 81

6.7 Semantic relations of sentences 83

6.8 Metaphors 85

TUTORLAL ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS 89

MINI-PROJECTS 92

CHAPTER 7 Pragmatics: the Analysis of Meaning in Context 93

7.1 The pragmatic analysis of meaning 93

7.2 Deixis and reference 94

7.3 speech acts 96

7.4 Cooperation and implicature 98

7.5 The politeness principle 99

7.6 The principle of relevance 101

7.7 conversational structure 103

TUTORLAL ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS 106

MINI-PROJECTS 107

CHAPTER 8 Language in Social contexts 108

8.1 Sociolinguistic study of language 108

8.2 Varieties of a language 108

8.3 Grades of formality 111

8.4 Languages in contact 112

8.5 Taboos and euphemisms 113

8.6 Language and culture 114

8.7 Communicative competence 116

TUTORLAL ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS 117

MINI-PROJECTS 117

CHAPTER 9 Second Language Acquisition 118

9.1 What is second language acquisition? 118

9.2 Factors affecting SLA 119

9.3 Analyzing learners language 122

9.4 Explaining second language acquisition 124

TUTORLAL ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS 127

MINI-PROJECTS 128

CHAPTER 10 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching 129

10.1 foreign language teaching as a system 129

10.2 Contribution of linguistics: applications and implications 131

10.3 Linguistic underpinning of syllabus design 132

10.4 Method as integration of theory and practice 133

10.5 Linguistics the professional development of language teachers 136

TUTORLAL ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS 137

MINI-PROJECTS 139

AppendixⅠ Families/Groups of Languages 140

AppendixⅡ The Indo-European Language Family 142

Bibliography 144

Suggested Solutions to Tutorial Questions 148

An English-Chinese Glossary 156