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Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Key Concepts 2

1.1.1 Discourse 2

1.1.2 Frame 3

1.1.3 PDJ Relationship 5

1.2 Research Background 6

1.2.1 Judges in the Courtroom Interaction 6

1.2.2 PDJ Relationship in Courtroom 11

1.3 Rationale 18

1.3.1 The Status Quo of Research on the Topic 18

1.3.2 Frame Analysis as a Practicable Approach 20

1.4 Research Objective and Questions 21

1.5 Organization of the Book 23

Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework 25

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 Theoretical Basis 25

2.2.1 Frame Theory 26

2.2.2 Discourse Analysis and Frame Analysis 47

2.3 Conceptual Framework of Frame Analysis 64

2.3.1 Interactive Frames Activated by Discourse at Multiple Levels 64

2.3.2 Application of Framing 65

2.3.3 Footing Shifts in Frame Analysis 67

2.4 Analytical Framework 70

2.5 Research Methodology 73

2.5.1 Data Collection 74

2.5.2 Data Analysis 75

Chapter 3 PDJ Relationship Constructed by Judges in Court 79

3.1 Introduction 79

3.2 PDJ Relationship Manifested in Monologue 81

3.2.1 Monologue in Judges'Discourse 81

3.2.2 PDJ Relationship in the Monologic Interactions 85

3.3 PDJ Relationship Manifested in Dialogue 93

3.3.1 Dialogue as Judges'Directive Information 94

3.3.2 PDJ Relationship in the Dialogic Interactions 95

3.4 PDJ Relationship Manifested in Questioning 102

3.4.1 Questioning in Judges'Discourse 103

3.4.2 PDJ Relationship in the Questioning and Answering 104

3.5 Results and Discussions 127

3.5.1 Distribution of Discourse Information 128

3.5.2 Discourse Information Levels 132

3.5.3 Current PDJ Relationship Constructed 135

3.6 Summary 136

Chapter 4 Factors Affecting Judges'Construction of PDJ Relationship 138

4.1 Introduction 138

4.2 Factors on the Dimension of Procedural Justice 139

4.2.1 Standing in the Framing Process 139

4.2.2 Neutrality in the Framing Process 145

4.2.3 Trust in the Framing Process 148

4.3 Factors on the Dimension of Distributive Justice 151

4.3.1 Goals and Motivations in the Framing Process 152

4.3.2 Individual Factors in the Framing Process 155

4.3.3 Non-individual Factors in the Framing Process 164

4.4 Factors on the Dimension of Retributive Justice 174

4.4.1 Deserving Punishment in the Framing Process 175

4.4.2 Criminals Punished in the Framing Process 176

4.4.3 Punishment Means in the Framing Process 178

4.4.4 Punishment Severity in the Framing Process 180

4.5 Summary 183

Chapter 5 Judges'Framing Strategies in Reconstruction of PDJ Relationship 185

5.1 Introduction 185

5.2 Footing Shifts by Discourse Information 186

5.2.1 Categorization of Judges'Footing Patterns 187

5.2.2 Judges'Footing Shifts 194

5.3 Reframing with Discourse Information 203

5.3.1 Frame Contraction 204

5.3.2 Frame Expansion 212

5.3.3 Frame Negotiation 220

5.4 Summary 228

Chapter 6 Conclusion 231

6.1 Summary of the Present Study 231

6.2 Conclusions 232

6.3 Implications 234

6.4 Limitations 236

References 238

Appendix Ⅰ General Information on the Cases 254

Appendix Ⅱ Figures 255

Appendix Ⅲ Tables 256

Index 257