PART ONE DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY 17
CHAPTER 1 THE SKULL 17
Introduction 17
The Bones of the Skull 24
Occipital Bone 24
Sphenoid Bone 27
Frontal Bone 33
Ethmoid Bone 36
Temporal Bone 38
Parietal Bone 44
Maxilla 45
Palatine Bone 52
Zygomatic Bone 54
Nasal Bone 56
Lacrimal Bone 56
Inferior Nasal Concha 57
Vomer 58
Mandible 58
Hyoid Bone 64
The Sutures of the Skull 65
Cavities of the Skull 69
Cranial Cavity 69
Orbit 75
Temporal and Infratemporal Grooves 77
Pterygopalatine Groove 78
Nasal Cavity 79
Oral Cavity 83
Functional Analysis of the Facial Skeleton 84
Sexual Differences of the Skull 88
Anthropologic Remarks 90
Cephalometry and Craniometry 90
Growth of the Skull 99
Introduction 99
Growth of the Brain Capsule 103
Growth of the Cranial Superstructures 105
Growth of the Facial Skeleton 107
Facial Growth and Tooth Eruption 119
Growth of the Pneumatic Cavities of the Skull 121
Variations and Anomalies of the Neurocranium 124
Variations and Anomalies of the Facial Skeleton 126
CHAPTER 2 THE MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK 130
Muscles of Mastication 130
Masseter Muscle 130
Temporal Muscle 132
Internal Pterygoid Muscle 135
External Pterygoid Muscle 136
The Suprahyoid Muscles 137
Digastric Muscle 138
Stylohyoid Muscle 139
Mylohyoid Muscle 139
Geniohyoid Muscle 142
The Infrahyoid Muscles 142
Sternohyoid Muscle 142
Omohyoid Muscle 143
Sternothyroid Muscle 143
Thyrohyoid Muscle 144
The Superficial Muscles of Head and Neck 144
Platysma Muscle 145
Muscles of Mouth and Nose 146
Muscles of Eyelids and Brows 154
Muscles of the Outer Ear 155
Muscles of the Scalp 155
CHAPTER 3 TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATION 157
Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Articulation 157
Movements of the Temporomandibular Articulation 163
CHAPTER 4 VISCERA OF HEAD AND NECK 178
Oral Cavity 178
Introduction 178
The Lips—Labia 178
The Cheeks—Buccae 180
The Oral Vestibule 181
The Oral Cavity Proper 185
The Tongue 190
The Muscles of the Tongue 192
Glands of the Oral Cavity 195
The Oral Mucous Membrane 201
The Teeth 203
General Description 203
Color and Size of Teeth 204
Phylogenetic Remarks 205
Terminology 207
Special Description of Teeth 208
Age Changes and Anomalies of the Pulpal Spaces 237
Attachment of the Tooth 240
Eruption of Teeth 242
Arrangement of the Teeth 261
Anomalies of Teeth and Dentition 268
Attrition 273
Correlation of Active and Passive Eruption 274
Pharynx 278
Muscles of Soft Palate and Pharynx 281
Muscles of the Soft Palate 281
Muscles of the Pharynx 283
Lymphatic Tissue of Oral Cavity and Pharynx 287
Nasal Cavity 288
Paranasal Sinuses 293
Larynx 298
CHAPTER 5 BLOOD VESSELS OF THE HEAD AND NECK 307
The Arteries 307
External Carotid Artery 307
Anterior Branches of the External Carotid Artery 309
Posterior Branches of the External Carotid Artery 315
Medial Branch of the External Carotid Artery 316
Terminal Branches of the External Carotid Artery 316
Internal Carotid Artery 322
The Veins 324
The Sinuses of the Dura Mater 332
Communications Between Intracranial and Extracranial Veins 334
CHAPTER 6 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM OF HEAD AND NECK 337
Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck 337
Lymph Vessels of the Head and Neck 342
CHAPTER 7 NERVES OF HEAD AND NECK 346
Introduction 346
Cranial Nerves 348
Trigeminal Nerve 350
General Remarks 350
Ophthalmic Division 353
Maxillary Division 356
Mandibular Division 361
The Facial Nerve 367
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve 371
The Hypoglossal Nerve 372
Visceral Nerves of the Head 373
Introduction 373
The Sympathetic Nerve Supply of the Head 374
The Parasympathetic Nerve Supply of the Head 375
PART TWO REGIONAL AND APPLIED ANATOMY 381
CHAPTER 8 THE PALPABILITY OF THE FACIAL SKELETON 381
CHAPTER 9 STRUCTURE AND RELATIONS OF THE ALVEOLAR PROCESSES 385
Alveolar Process of the Maxilla 385
Alveolar Process of the Mandible 396
CHAPTER 10 ANATOMY OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA 403
Introduction 403
Applied Anatomy of the Dental Plexus 404
Applied Anatomy of the Nerves of the Upper and Lower Jaws 406
Topography of the Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerves 406
Topography of the Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerves 408
Topography of the Palatine Nerves 410
Topography of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve 412
Topography of the Mental Nerve 422
Topography of the Lingual Nerve 423
Topography of the Buccal Nerve 424
Topography of the Second Division of the Trigeminal Nerve 425
Topography of the Third Division of the Trigeminal Nerve 427
CHAPTER 11 ARTERIAL HEMORRHAGES AND LIGATION OF ARTERIES 430
Danger Zones in the Oral Cavity 430
Ligation of Arteries 433
Ligation of the External Maxillary Artery 433
Ligation of the Lingual Artery 434
The Sub-maxillary Triangle 434
Exposure of the Lingual Artery 440
Ligation of the External Carotid Artery 440
Introduction 440
The Carotid Triangle 441
Exposure of the External Carotid Artery in the Carotid Triangle 446
The Retromandibular Fossa 447
Exposure of the External Carotid Artery in the Retromandibular Fossa 449
CHAPTER 12 THE PROPAGATION OF DENTAL INFECTIONS 450
Introduction 450
Distribution of Loose Connective Tissue in the Face 450
The Floor of the Oral Cavity 452
The Masticatory Fat Pad and Fasciae of the Masticatory Muscles 454
The Fasciae of the Neck 456
The Interfascial Spaces of the Neck 460
Thrombophlebitis of the Face 463
CHAPTER 13 TRACHEOTOMY AND LARYNGOTOMY 468
Introduction 468
Inferior Tracheotomy 469
Coniotomy 474
CHAPTER 14 THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATION 476
Overclosure and Distal Displacement of the Mandible 476
Dislocation of the Temporomandibular Articulation 480
Surgical Exposure of the Temporomandibular Articulation 481
CHAPTER 15 THE EDENTULOUS MOUTH 484