CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS SECOND EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Introduction and Survey 1

I.1 Maxwell Equations in Vacuum，Fields，and Sources 2

I.2 The Inverse Square Law or the Mass of the Photon 5

I.3 Linear Superposition 10

I.4 The Maxwell Equations in Macroscopic Media 13

I.5 Boundary Conditions at Interfaces between Different Media 17

I.6 Some Remarks on Idealizations in Electromagnetism 22

References and Suggested Reading 25

Chapter 1. Introduction to Electrostatics 27

1.1 Coulomb’s Law 27

1.2 Electric Field 28

1.3 Gauss’s Law 30

1.4 Differential Form of Gauss’s Law 32

1.5 Another Equation of Electrostatics and the Scalar Potential 33

1.6 Surface Distributions of Charges and Dipoles and Discontinuities in the Electric Field and Potential 35

1.7 Poisson and Laplace Equations 38

1.8 Green’s Theorem 40

1.9 Uniqueness of the Solution with Dirichlet or Neumann Boundary Condi-tions 42

1.10 Formal Solution of Electrostatic Boundary-Value Problem with Green Function 43

1.11 Electrostatic Potential Energy and Energy Density，Capacitance 45

References and Suggested Reading 49

Problems 49

Chapter 2. Boundary-Value Problems in Electrostatics：Ⅰ 54

2.1 Method of Images 54

2.2 Point Charge in the Presence of a Grounded Conducting Sphere 55

2.3 Point Charge in the Presence of a Charged，Insulated，Conducting Sphere 58

2.4 Point Charge Near a Conducting Sphere at Fixed Potential 60

2.5 Conducting Sphere in a Uniform Electric Field by the Method of Images 60

2.6 Green Function for the Sphere，General Solution for the Potential 62

2.7 Conducting Sphere with Hemispheres at Different Potentials 63

2.8 Orthogonal Functions and Expansions 65

2.9 Separation of Variables，Laplace Equation in Rectangular Coordinates 68

2.10 A Two-dimensional Potential Problem，Summation of a Fourier Series 71

2.11 Fields and Charge Densities in Two-dimensional Comers and Along Edges 75

References and Suggested Reading 78

Problems 79

Chapter 3. Boundary-Value Problems in Electrostatics：Ⅱ 84

3.1 Laplace Equation in Spherical Coordinates 84

3.2 Legendre Equation and Legendre Polynomials 85

3.3 Boundary-Value Problems with Azimuthal Symmetry 90

3.4 Behavior of Fields in a Conical Hole or near a Sharp Point 94

3.5 Associated Legendre Functions and the Spherical Harmonics Y tm（θ，φ） 98

3.6 Addition Theorem for Spherical Harmonics 100

3.7 Laplace Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates，Bessel Functions 102

3.8 Boundary-Value Problems in Cylindrical Coordinates 108

3.9 Expansion of Green Functions in Spherical Coordinates 110

3.10 Solution of Potential Problems with Spherical Green Function Expansion 113

3.11 Expansion of Green Functions in Cylindrical Coordinates 116

3.12 Eigenfunction Expansions for Green Functions 119

3.13 Mixed Boundary Conditions，Conducting Plane with a Circular Hole 121

References and Suggested Reading 127

Problems 128

Chapter 4. Multipoles，Electrostatics of Macroscopic Media，Dielectrics 136

4.1 Multipole Expansion 136

4.2 Multipole Expansion of the Energy of a Charge Distribution in an External Field 142

4.3 Elementary Treatment of Electrostatics with Ponderable Media 143

4.4 Boundary-Value Problems with Dielectrics 147

4.5 Molecular Polarizability and Electric Susceptibility 152

4.6 Models for the Molecular Polarizability 155

4.7 Electrostatic Energy in Dielectric Media 158

References and Suggested Reading 163

Problems 163

Chapter 5. Magnetostatics 168

5.1 Introduction and Definitions 168

5.2 Biot and Savart Law 169

5.3 The Differential Equations of Magnetostatics and Ampere’s Law 173

5.4 Vector Potential 175

5.5 Vector Potential and Magnetic Induction for a Circular Current Loop 177

5.6 Magnetic Fields of a Localized Current Distribution，Magnetic Moment 180

5.7 Force and Torque on and Energy of a Localized Current Distribution in an External Magnetic Induction 184

5.8 Macroscopic Equations，Boundary Conditions on B and H 187

5.9 Methods of Solving Boundary-Value Problems in Magnetostatics 191

5.10 Uniformly Magnetized Sphere 194

5.11 Magnetized Sphere in an External Field，Permanent Magnets 197

5.12 Magnetic Shielding，Spherical Shell of Permeable Material in a Uniform Field 199

5.13 Effect of a Circular Hole in a Perfectly Conducting Plane with an Asymptotically Uniform Tangential Magnetic Field on One Side 201

References and Suggested Reading 204

Problems 205

Chapter 6. Time-Varying Fields，Maxwell Equations，Conservation Laws 209

6.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction 210

6.2 Energy in the Magnetic Field 213

6.3 Maxwell’s Displacement Current，Maxwell Equations 217

6.4 Vector and Scalar Potentials 219

6.5 Gauge Transformations，Lorentz Gauge，Coulomb Gauge 220

6.6 Green Functions for the Wave Equation 223

6.7 Derivation of the Equations of Macroscopic Electromagnetism 226

6.8 Poynting’s Theorem and Conservation of Energy and Momentum for a System of Charged Particles and Electromagnetic Fields 236

6.9 Conservation Laws for Macroscopic Media 240

6.10 Poynting’s Theorem for Harmonic Fields，Field Definitions of Impedance and Admittance 241

6.11 Transformation Properties of Electromagnetic Fields and Sources under Rotations，Spatial Reflections，and Time Reversal 245

6.12 On the Question of Magnetic Monopoles 251

6.13 Discussion of the Dirac Quantization Condition 254

References and Suggested Reading 260

Problems 261

Chapter 7. Plane Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Propagation 269

7.1 Plane Waves in a Nonconducting Medium 269

7.2 Linear and Circular Polarization，Stokes Parameters 273

7.3 Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves at a Plane Interface between Dielectrics 278

7.4 Polarization by Reflection and Total Internal Reflection 282

7.5 Frequency Dispersion Characteristics of Dielectrics，Conductors，and Plasmas 284

7.6 Simplified Model of Propagation in the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere 292

7.7 Waves in a Conducting or Dissipative Medium 296

7.8 Superposition of Waves in One Dimension，Group Velocity 299

7.9 Illustration of the Spreading of a Pulse as It Propagates in a Dispersive Medium 303

7.10 Causality in the Connection between D and E，Kramers-Kronig Relations 306

7.11 Arrival of a Signal After Propagation Through a Dispersive Medium 313

References and Suggested Reading 326

Problems 327

Chapter 8. Wave Guides and Resonant Cavities 334

8.1 Fields at the Surface of and within a Conductor 335

8.2 Cylindrical Cavities and Wave Guides 339

8.3 Wave Guides 343

8.4 Modes in a Rectangular Wave Guide 345

8.5 Energy Flow and Attenuation in Wave Guides 346

8.6 Perturbation of Boundary Conditions 350

8.7 Resonant Cavities 353

8.8 Power Losses in a Cavity，Q of a Cavity 356

8.9 Earth and Ionosphere as a Resonant Cavity，Schumann Resonances 360

8.10 Dielectric Wave Guides 364

8.11 Expansion in Normal Modes，Fields Generated by a Localized Source in Guide 369

8.12 Reflection and Transn by Plane Diaphragms，Variational Approxi-mation 375

8.13 Impedance of a Flat Strip Parallel to the Electric Field in a Rectangular Wave Guide 380

References and Suggested Reading 384

Problems 385

Chapter 9. Simple Radiating Systems，Scattering，and Diffraction 391

9.1 Fields and Radiation of a Localized Oscillating Source 391

9.2 Electric Dipole Fields and Radiation 394

9.3 Magnetic Dipole and Electric Quadrupole Fields 397

9.4 Center-fed Linear Antenna 401

9.5 Multipole Expansion for Localized Source or Aperture in Wave Guide 405

9.6 Scattering at Long Wavelengths 411

9.7 Perturbation Theory of Scattering，Rayleigh’s Explanation of the Blue Sky，Scattering by Games and Liquids 418

9.8 Scalar Diffraction Theory 427

9.9 Vector Equivalents of Kirc Integral 432

9.10 Vectorial Diffraction Theory 435

9.11 Babinet’s Principle of Complementary Screens 438

9.12 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture，Remarks on Small Apertures 441

9.13 Scattering in the Short-Wavelength Limit 447

9.14 Optical Theorem and Related Matters 453

References and Suggested Reading 459

Problems 460

Chapter 10. Magnetohydrodynamics and Plasma Physics 469

10.1 Introduction and Definitions 469

10.2 Magnetohydrodynamic Equations 471

10.3 Magnetic Diffusion，Viscosity，and Pressure 472

10.4 Magnetohydrodynamic Flow between Boundaries with Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields 475

10.5 Pinch Effect 479

10.6 Instabilities in a Pinched Plasma Column 482

10.7 Magnetohydrodynamic Waves 485

10.8 Plasma Oscillations 490

10.9 Short-wavelength Limit on Plasma Oscillations and the Debye Screening Distance 494

References and Suggested Reading 497

Problems 498

Chapter 11. Special Theory of Relativity 503

11.1 The Situation before 1900，Einstein’s Two Postulates 504

11.2 Some Recent Experiments 507

11.3 Lorentz Transformations and Basic Kinematic Results of Special Relativity 515

11.4 Addition of Velocities，Four-Velocity 522

11.5 Relativistic Momentum and Energy of a Particle 525

11.6 Mathematical Properties of the Space-Time of Special Relativity 532

11.7 Matrix Representation of Lorentz Transformations，Infinitesimal Generators 536

11.8 Thomas Precession 541

11.9 Invariance of Electric Charge，Covariance of Electrodynamics 547

11.10 Transformation of Electromagnetic Fields 552

11.11 Relativistic Equation of Motion for Spin in Uniform or Slowly Varying Extemal Fields 556

11.12 Note on Notation and Units in Relativistic Kinematics 560

References and Suggested Reading 561

Problems 562

Chapter 12. Dynamics of Relativistic Particles and Electromagnetic Fields 571

12.1 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for a Relativistic Charged Particle in External Electromagnetic Fields 572

12.2 On the Question of Obtaining the Magnetic Field，Magnetic Force，and the Maxwell Equations from Coulomb’s law and Special Relativity 578

12.3 Motion in a Uniform，Static，Magnetic Field 581

12.4 Motion in Combined Uniform，Static，Electric and Magnetic Fields 582

12.5 Particle Drifts in Nonuniform，Static Magnetic Fields 584

12.6 Adiabatic Invariance of Flux through Orbit of Particle 588

12.7 Lowest-Order Relativistic Corrections to the Lagrangian for Interacting Charged Particles，the Darwin Lagrangian 593

12.8 Lagrangian for the Electromagnetic Field 595

12.9 Proca Lagrangian，Photon Mass Effects 597

12.10 Canonical and Symmetric Stress Tensors，Conservation Laws 601

12.11 Solution of the Wave Equation in Covariant Form，Invariant Green Functions 608

References and Suggested Reading 612

Problems 613

Chapter 13. Collisions between Charged Particles，Energy Loss，and Scattering 618

13.1 Energy Transfer in a Coulomb Collision 619

13.2 Energy Transfer to a Harmonically Bound Charge 623

13.3 Classical and Quantum-Mechanical Energy-loss Formulas 626

13.4 Density Effect in Collision Energy Loss 632

13.5 Cherenkov Radiation 638

13.6 Energy Loss in an Electronic Plasma 641

13.7 Elastic Scattering of Fast Particles by Atoms 643

13.8 Mean Square Angle of Scattering and the Angular Distribution of Multiple Scattering 647

References and Suggested Reading 651

Problems 651

Chapter 14. Radiation by Moving Charges 654

14.1 Lienard-Wiechert Potentials and Fields for a Point Charge 654

14.2 Total Power Radiated by an Accelerated Charge：Larmor’s Formula and its Relativistic Generalization 658

14.3 Angular Distribution of Radiation Emitted by an Accelerated Charge 662

14.4 Radiation Emitted by a Charge in Arbitrary，Extremely Relativistic Motion 665

14.5 Distribution in Frequency and Angle of Energy Radiated by Accelerated Charges 668

14.6 Frequency Spectrum of Radiation Emitted by a Relativist ic Charged Particle in Instantaneously Circular Motion 672

14.7 Thomson Scattering of Radiation 679

14.8 Scattering of Radiation by Quasi-Free Charges，Coherent and Incoherent Scattering 683

14.9 Transition Radiation 685

References and Suggested Reading 693

Problems 694

Chapter 15. Bremsstrahlung，Method of Virtual Quanta，Radiative Beta Processes 701

15.1 Radiation Emitted during Collisions 702

15.2 Bremsstrahlung in Coulomb Collisions 708

15.3 Screening Effects，Relativistic Radiative Energy Loss 715

15.4 Weizsacker-Williams Method of Virtual Quanta 719

15.5 Bremsstrahlung as the Scattering of Virtual Quanta 724

15.6 Radiation Emitted During Beta Decay 725

15.7 Radiation Emitted During Orbital-Electron Capture—Disappearance of Charge and Magnetic Moment 727

References and Suggested Reading 733

Problems 733

Chapter 16. Multipole Fields 739

16.1 Basic Spherical Wave Solutions of the Scalar Wave Equation 739

16.2 Multipole Expansion of the Electromagnetic Fields 744

16.3 Properties of Multipole Fields，Energy and Angular Momentum of Mul-tipole Radiation 747

16.4 Angular Distribution of Multipole Radiation 752

16.5 Sources of Multipole Radiation，Multipole Moments 755

16.6 Multipole Radiation in Atomic and Nuclear Systems 758

16.7 Radiation from a Linear，Center-Fed Antenna 763

16.8 Spherical Wave Expansion of a Vector Plane Wave 767

16.9 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by a Sphere 769

16.10 Boundary-Value Problems with Multipole Fields 775

References and Suggested Reading 776

Problems 776

Chapter 17. Radiation Damping，Self-Fields of a Particle，Scattering and Absorption of Radiation by a Bound System 780

17.1 Introductory Considerations 780

17.2 Radiative Reaction Force from Conservation of Energy 783

17.3 Abraham-Lorentz Evaluation of the Self-Force 786

17.4 Difficulties with the Abraham-Lorentz Model 790

17.5 Covariant Definitions of Electromagnetic Energy and Momentum 791

17.6 Integrodifferential Equation of Motion，Including Radiation Damping 796

17.7 Line Breadth and Level Shift of an Oscillator 798

17.8 Scattering and Absorption of Radiation by an Oscillator 801

References and Suggested Reading 806

Problems 807

Appendix on Units and Dimensions 811

1 Units and Dimensions，Basic Units and Derived Units 811

2 Electromagnetic Units and Equations 813

3 Various Systems of Electromagnetic Units 816

4 Conversion of Equations and Amounts between Gaussian Units and MKSA Units 817

Bibliography 822

Index 822