intelligent instrumentation microprocessor applications in measurement and controlPDF电子书下载

1.Introduction and History 1

1.1 Intel ligentvs Dumb Instrumentation 1

1.2 Information and Signal Processing 3

1.3 Systems Engineering 3

1.4 A Historical Perspective of Measurement 4

1.5 Types of Measurement and Instrument Specification 9

1.6 Intelligent Instrumentation 9

PART 1.MEASUREMENTS 11

Interlude 1 13

2.Temperature Measurement 14

2.1 Introduction 14

2.2 Expansion Thermometers 17

2.3 Thermoelectric Thermometers 21

2.4 Resistance Thermometers 25

2.5 Radiation Thermometers （Optical Pyrometry） 29

2.6 Practical Considerations in Thermometry 32

Exercises 2 34

Bibliography 2 35

3.Force and Weight Measurement 36

3.1 Some Definitions 36

3.2 Weight Measurement 38

3.3 Force Measurement by Elastic Transducers 40

3.4 Types of Elastic Element 42

3.5 Methods of Force Measurement 42

3.6 Strain Gauges 43

3.7 Piezoelectric Transducers 48

3.8 Linear Differential Transformers 48

3.9 Force Balance Transducers 49

3.10 Other Force Transducers 50

3.11 Torque Measurement 50

3.12 Conclusion 52

Exercises 3 52

Bibliography 3 53

4.Pressure Measurement 54

4.1 Introduction 54

4.2 Direct Pressure Measurement 60

4.3 Indirect Pressure Measurement 61

4.4 Electrical Pressure Transducers 64

4.5 Other Pressure Transducers 68

4.6 Conclusions 71

Exercises 4 71

Bibliography4 72

5.Flow Measurement 73

5.1 Introduction 73

5.2 Historical Background 74

5.3 Technical Background to Flow Measurement 74

5.4 PointVelocity Measurements 76

5.5 Gross Volume Flow Measurement 82

5.6 Gross Mass Flow Measurement 88

5.7 Open Duct or Channel Flows 93

5.8 Conclusions 95

Exercises 5 95

Bibliography 5 95

6.Selected Other Measurements 97

6.1 Introduction 97

6.2 Humidity 98

6.3 Acidity/Alkalinity（pH） 99

6.4 Density 101

6.5 Sound 102

6.6 Level 103

6.7 Motion 105

6.8 Chemical Analysis 109

6.9 Conclusions 110

Exercises 6 111

Bibliography 6 111

7.Digital Transducers 112

7.1 Introduction 112

7.2 What Is Digital Transduction？ 112

7.3 Digital Encoders 115

7.4 A Selection of Digital Transducers 118

7.5 Conclusions 128

Exercises 7 128

Bibliography 7 129

8.Units，Standards and Errors 130

8.1 Units and Standards 130

8.2 Errors 137

8.3 Conclusions 150

Exercises 8 150

Bibliography 8 151

Tutorial 1（chaps 2-8） 153

Revision 1（chaps 2-8） 154

PART 2.DIGITAL COMPUTATION 159

Interlude 2 161

9.Number Systems，Logic and Logic Elements 162

9.1 Number Systems 162

9.2 Logic 170

9.3 Logic Elements 173

Exercises 9 178

Bibliography 9 179

10.The Digital Computer 180

10.1 Introduction 180

10.2 Types of Digital Computer 181

10.3 Components of a Digital Computer System 182

10.4 Structure of a Central Processing Unit 182

10.5 The Power of a Digital Computer 184

10.6 Microprocessors，Microcomputers and Microprocessing Systems 193

Exercises 10 193

Bibliography 10 194

11.Input-Output Structures 195

11.1 Introduction 195

11.2 Basic I-O Activity 196

11.3 Information Transfers 196

11.4 Input-Output Structures 200

11.5 Signalling of External Events 205

11.6 Microcomputer I-O Structures 209

Exercises 11 211

Bibliography 11 211

12.Measurement of Digital Computer Power and Performance 212

12.1 Power and Performance 212

12.2 Benchmarks and Performance Measurement 212

12.3 Benchmarks 213

12.4 Performance Measurement 220

12.5 Example of Performance Measurement andTuning 226

12.6 Conclusions 229

Exercises 12 230

Bibliography 12 230

PART 3.INTERFACING 231

13.Analogue Signal Conversion 233

13.1 Introduction 233

13.2 Digital to Analogue Conversion 234

13.3 Analogue to Digital Conversion 242

13.4 Convertor Characteristics 250

Exercises 13 255

Bibliography 13 256

14.Interface Components and Techniques 257

14.1 Introduction 257

14.2 Analogue Components 257

14.3 LogicComponents 263

14.4 Good Interface Practice 269

Exercises 14 273

Bibliography 14 274

15.Signal Processing 275

15.1 Continuous and Discrete-Signals and Systems 275

15.2 Mathematical Matters 276

15.3 Errors in Signal Processing 277

15.4 Data Input 277

15.5 Output Data 284

15.6 Time Delays 288

15.7 Other Processing Considerations 290

Exercises 15 292

Bibliography 15 293

16.Interface Systems and Standards 294

16.1 Introduction 294

16.2 Input Signal Flow 295

16.3 Output Signal Flow 300

16.4 Standard Interface Systems 301

16.5 Proprietary Interface Systems 306

Exercises 16 309

Bibliography 16 310

17.Communications 311

17.1 Distributed Control Systems 311

17.2 Interconnecting Devices 314

17.3 Serial Computer and Equipment Connections 315

17.4 Communication Standards 319

17.5 Local Area Networks 321

17.6 LAN’s in a Control Environment 325

Exercises 17 327

Bibliography 17 327

Tutorial 2（chaps 9-17） 328

Revision 2（chaps 9-17） 329

PART 4.SOFTWARE 335

Interlude 3 337

18.Real Time Languages 338

18.1 Historical Aspects 338

18.2 Programming Languages and Support Utilities 339

18.3 Choice of Language Level 343

18.4 Choice of a Real Time Language 345

18.5 User Requirements for a Real Time Language 346

18.6 Language Requirements for a Real Time Language 348

18.7 Real Time Languages 352

18.8 Language Comparisons 364

Exercises 18 365

Bibliography 18 365

19.Programming Real Time Systems 366

19.1 Introduction 366

19.2 Program Structure 367

19.3 Program Decomposition 368

19.4 Program Composition 374

19.5 Data Structures 378

19.6 Conclusions 383

Exercises 19 383

Bibliography 19 384

20.Real Time Operating Systems 385

20.1 Introduction 385

20.2 Tasks，Priorities and Interrupts 386

20.3 Design of Real Time Operating Systems 397

20.4 Some Considerations of Real Time Operating Systems 403

Exercises 20 406

Bibliography 20 406

Tutorial 3 （chaps 18-20） 407

Revision 3 （chaps 18-20） 408

PART 5.CASE STUDIES IN INSTRUMENTATION，CONTROL AND COMPUTING 411

Interlude 4 413

21.Case Studies in Instrumentation 414

Case Study 11 A Lift-in-Service Indicator 415

12 Measurement of Magnetic Field Density 419

13 （Thermistor） Temperature Measurement：Digital Transmission 423

14 （Semiconductor） Temperature Measurement：Analogue Transmission 427

15 Boiler House Status Monitoring 430

16 Load Weighing in a Lift System 434

17 Detection of the Resonant Frequency of a Vibrating Beam 439

18 Platelet Counting in Blood Samples 443

22.Case Studies in Control and Computing 447

Case Study CC1 A Hardware Interface for a Hybrid Computer 448

CC2 A Lift System Data Logger 455

CC3 Remote Monitoring of Building Services 460

CC4 A Distributed Data Acquisition and Control System 464

CC5 Evaluation by Simulation of the Effects of Time Delay，Sample Rate and Quantisation 469

CC6 Account Processing of Remotely Monitored Information 475

CC7 Flow Control 479

GLOSSARY 482

INDEX 522