aircraft design _ a conceptual approach fourth editionPDF电子书下载

1.Design—A Separate Discipline 1

1.1 What is Design？ 1

1.2 Introduction to the Book 1

2.Overview of the Design Process 3

2.1 Introduction 3

2.2 Phases of Aircraft Design 3

2.3 Aircraft Conceptual Design Process 8

2.4 Integrated Product Development and Aircraft Design 12

3.Sizing from a Conceptual Sketch 15

3.1 Introduction 15

3.2 Takeoff- Weight Buildup 16

3.3 Empty-Weight Estimation 16

3.4 Fuel-Fraction Estimation 18

3.5 Takeoff- Weight Calculation 27

3.6 Design Example: ASW Aircraft 28

4.Airfoil and Geometry Selection 37

4.1 Introduction 37

4.2 Airfoil Selection 37

4.3 Wing Geometry 51

4.4 Biplane Wings 71

4.5 Tail Geometry and Arrangement 73

5.Thrust-to-Weight Ratio and Wing Loading 87

5.1 Introduction 87

5.2 Thrust-to-Weight Ratio 88

5.3 Wing Loading 94

5.4 Selection of Thrust to Weight and Wing Loading 110

6.Initial Sizing 111

6.1 Introduction 111

6.2 “Rubber” vs “Fixed-Size” Engines 111

6.3 Rubber-Engine Sizing 112

6.4 Fixed-Engine Sizing 118

6.5 Geometry Sizing 119

6.6 Control-Surface Sizing 123

7.Configuration Layout and Loft 127

7.1 Introduction 127

7.2 End Products of Configuration Layout 127

7.3 Conic Lofting 132

7.4 Conic Fuselage Development 138

7.5 Flat-Wrap Fuselage Lofting 146

7.6 Circle-to-Square Adapter 147

7.7 Fuselage Loft Verification 148

7.8 Wing/Tail Layout and Loft 149

7.9 Wetted Area Determination 161

7.10 Volume Determination 163

7.11 Use of Computer-Aided Design （CAD） in Conceptual Design 164

8.Special Considerations in Configuration Layout 169

8.1 Introduction 169

8.2 Aerodynamic Considerations 169

8.3 Structural Considerations 177

8.4 Radar Detectability 185

8.5 Infrared Detectability 195

8.6 Visual Detectability 196

8.7 Aural Signature 197

8.8 Vulnerability Considerations 197

8.9 Crashworthiness Considerations 199

8.10 Producibility Considerations 201

8.11 Maintainability Considerations 205

9.Crew Station, Passengers, and Payload 209

9.1 Introduction 209

9.2 Crew Station 209

9.3 Passenger Compartment 213

9.4 Cargo Provisions 214

9.5 Weapons Carriage 216

9.6 Gun Installation 219

10.Propulsion and Fuel System Integration 221

10.1 Introduction 221

10.2 Propulsion Selection 221

10.3 Jet-Engine Integration 224

10.4 Propeller-Engine Integration 250

10.5 Fuel System 257

11.Landing Gear and Subsystems 261

11.1 Introduction 261

11.2 Landing Gear Arrangements 261

11.3 Tire Sizing 266

11.4 Shock Absorbers 272

11.5 Castoring-Wheel Geometry 279

11.6 Gear-Retraction Geometry 280

11.7 Seaplanes 283

11.8 Subsystems 285

Intermission: Step-by-Step Development of a New Design 295

12.Aerodynamics 303

12.1 Introduction 303

12.2 Aerodynamic Forces 304

12.3 Aerodynamic Coefficients 308

12.4 Lift 309

12.5 Parasite （Zero-Lift） Drag 327

12.6 Drag due to Lift （Induced Drag） 346

12.7 Aerodynamic Codes and Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） 354

13.Propulsion 365

13.1 Introduction 365

13.2 Jet-Engine Thrust Considerations 367

13.3 Turbojet Installed Thrust 370

13.4 Thrust-Drag Bookkeeping 370

13.5 Installed-Thrust Methodology 371

13.6 Piston-Engine Performance 379

13.7 Turboprop Performance 386

14.Structures and Loads 389

14.1 Introduction 389

14.2 Loads Categories 390

14.3 Air Loads 392

14.4 Inertial Loads 402

14.5 Powerplant Loads 402

14.6 Landing-Gear Loads 402

14.7 Structures Fundamentals 403

14.8 Material Selection 408

14.9 Material Properties 413

14.10 Structural-Analysis Fundamentals 425

14.11 Finite Element Structural Analysis 443

15.Weights 451

15.1 Introduction 451

15.2 Approximate Group Weights Method 454

15.3 Statistical Group Weights Method 454

15.4 Additional Considerations in Weights Estimation 463

16.Stability, Control, and Handling Qualities 467

16.1 Introduction 467

16.2 Coordinate Systems and Definitions 469

16.3 Longitudinal Static Stability and Control 470

16.4 Lateral-Directional Static Stability and Control 490

16.5 Stick-Free Stability 499

16.6 Effects of Flexibility 499

16.7 Dynamic Stability 501

16.8 Quasi Steady State 505

16.9 Inertia Coupling 506

16.10 Handling Qualities 508

17.Performance and Flight Mechanics 515

17.1 Introduction and Equations of Motion 515

17.2 Steady Level Flight 516

17.3 Steady Climbing and Descending Flight 525

17.4 Level Turning Flight 529

17.5 Gliding Flight 532

17.6 Energy-Maneuverability Methods 536

17.7 Operating Envelope 544

17.8 Takeoff Analysis 546

17.9 Landing Analysis 550

17.10 Other Fighter Performance Measures of Merit 552

18.Cost Analysis 561

18.1 Introduction 561

18.2 Elements of Life-Cycle Cost 562

18.3 Cost-Estimating Methods 565

18.4 RDT＆E and Production Costs 566

18.5 Operations and Maintenance Costs 570

18.6 Cost Measures of Merit （Military） 574

18.7 Aircraft and Airline Economics 575

19.Sizing and Trade Studies 579

19.1 Introduction 579

19.2 Detailed Sizing Methods 579

19.3 Improved Conceptual Sizing Methods 580

19.4 Sizing Matrix and Carpet Plots 585

19.5 Trade Studies 591

20.Vertical Flight—Jet and Prop 599

20.1 Introduction 599

20.2 Jet VTOL 599

20.3 Prop VTOL and Helicopter 619

21.Extremes of Flight 637

21.1 Introduction 637

21.2 Rockets, Launch Vehicles, and Spacecraft 637

21.3 Hypersonic Vehicles 649

21.4 Lighter-Than-Air 652

22.Design of Unique Aircraft Concepts 661

22.1 Introduction 661

22.2 Flying Wing, Tailless, Lifting Fuselage, and Blended Wing Body 661

22.3 Delta and Double-Delta Wing 666

22.4 Forward-Swept Wing 667

22.5 Canard-Pusher 669

22.6 Multi-Fuselage 670

22.7 Asymmetrical 672

22.8 Joined Wing 676

22.9 Wing-in-Ground Effect 678

22.10 Unmanned/Uninhabited 679

23.Conceptual Design Examples 683

23.1 Introduction 683

23.2 Single-Seat Aerobatic 684

23.3 Lightweight Supercruise Fighter 721

Appendix A.Unit Conversion 775

Appendix B.Standard Atmosphere 777

Appendix C.Airspeed 781

Appendix D.Airfoil Data 783

Appendix E.Typical Engine Performance Curves 795

E.1 Afterburning Turbofan 795

E.2 High-Bypass Turbofan 799

E.3 Turboprop 801

Appendix F.Design Requirements and Specifications 803

Questions 807

References 817

Index 825

Supporting Materials 839