fundamentals of heat and mass transfer fifth editionPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER1 Introduction 2

1.1 What and How？ 2

1.2 Physical Origins and Rate Equations 3

1.2.1 Conduction 3

1.2.2 Convection 6

1.2.3 Radiation 9

1.2.4 Relationship to Thermodynamics 12

1.3 The Conservation of Energy Requirement 13

1.3.1 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume 13

1.3.2 The Surface Energy Balance 21

1.3.3 Application of the Conservation Laws: Methodology 24

1.4 Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems: Methodology 24

1.5 Relevance of Heat Transfer 27

1.6 Units and Dimensions 28

1.7 Summary 31

Problems 34

CHAPTER2 Introduction to Conduction 51

2.1 The Conduction Rate Equation 52

2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter 54

2.2.1 Thermal Conductivity 54

2.2.2 Other Relevant Properties 58

2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation 61

2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions 68

2.5 Summary 72

References 73

Problems 73

CHAPTER3 One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 87

3.1 The Plane Wall 88

3.1.1 Temperature Distribution 88

3.1.2 Thermal Resistance 90

3.1.3 The Composite Wall 91

3.1.4 Contact Resistance 93

3.2 An Alternative Conduction Analysis 101

3.3 Radial Systems 104

3.3.1 The Cylinder 105

3.3.2 The Sphere 110

3.4 Summary of One-Dimensional Conduction Results 114

3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation 114

3.5.1 The Plane Wall 115

3.5.2 Radial Systems 121

3.5.3 Application of Resistance Concepts 126

3.6 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces 126

3.6.1 A General Conduction Analysis 128

3.6.2 Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area 130

3.6.3 Fin Performance 136

3.6.4 Fins of Nonuniform Cross-Sectional Area 139

3.6.5 Overall Surface Efficiency 140

3.7 Summary 149

References 152

Problems 152

CHAPTER4 Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 183

4.1 Alternative Approaches 184

4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables 185

4.3 The Graphical Method 189

4.3.1 Methodology of Constrncting a Flux Plot 190

4.3.2 Determination of the Heat Transfer Rate 191

4.3.3 The Conduction Shape Factor 192

4.4 Finite-Difference Equations 196

4.4.1 The Nodal Network 196

4.4.2 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation 197

4.4.3 The Energy Balance Method 198

4.5 Finite-Difference Solutions 205

4.5.1 The Matrix Inversion Method 206

4.5.2 Gauss-Seidel Iteration 207

4.5.3 Some Precautions 213

4.6 Summary 218

References 219

Problems 219

CHAPTER5 Transient Conduction 239

5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method 240

5.2 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method 243

5.3 General Lumped Capacitance Analysis 247

5.4 Spatial Effects 254

5.5 The Plane Wall with Convection 256

5.5.1 Exact Solution 256

5.5.2 Approximate Solution 257

5.5.3 Total Energy Transfer 258

5.5.4 Additional Considerations 259

5.6 Radial Systems with Convection 260

5.6.1 Exact Solutions 260

5.6.2 Approximate Solutions 261

5.6.3 Total Energy Transfer 261

5.6.4 Additional Considerations 262

5.7 The Semi-Infinite Solid 268

5.8 Multidimensional Effects 274

5.9 Finite-Difference Methods 280

5.9.1 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Explicit Method 280

5.9.2 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Implicit Method 288

5.10 Summary 296

References 297

Problems 297

CHAPTER6 Introduction to Convection 325

6.1 The Convection Transfer Problem 326

6.2 The Convection Boundary Layers 331

6.2.1 The Velocity Boundary Layer 331

6.2.2 The Thermal Boundary Layer 332

6.2.3 The Concentration Boundary Layer 333

6.2.4 Significance of the Boundary Layers 335

6.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 336

6.4 Boundary Layer Equations 338

6.4.1 The Convection Transfer Equations 339

6.4.2 The Boundary Layer Approximations 344

6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: The Normalized Boundary Layer Equations 346

6.5.1 Boundary Layer Similarity Parameters 346

6.5.2 Functional Form of the Solutions 348

6.6 Physical Significance of the Dimensionless Parameters 353

6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies 356

6.7.1 The Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy 356

6.7.2 Evaporative Cooling 360

6.7.3 The Reynolds Analogy 363

6.8 The Effects of Turbulence 364

6.9 The Convection Coefficients 367

6.10 Summary 368

References 369

Problems 369

CHAPTER7 External Flow 385

7.1 The Empirical Method 387

7.2 The Flat Plate in Parallel Flow 389

7.2.1 Laminar Flow: A Similarity Solution 389

7.2.2 Turbulent Flow 395

7.2.3 Mixed Boundary Layer Conditions 396

7.2.4 Special Cases 397

7.3 Methodology for a Convection Calculation 399

7.4 The Cylinder in Cross Flow 401

7.4.1 Flow Considerations 407

7.4.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer 409

7.5 The Sphere 415

7.6 Flow Across Banks of Tubes 418

7.7 Impinging Jets 428

7.7.1 Hydrodynamic and Geometric Considerations 428

7.7.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer 430

7.8 Packed Beds 434

7.9 Summary 435

References 437

Problems 438

CHAPTER8 Internal Flow 465

8.1 Hydrodynamic Considerations 466

8.1.1 Flow Conditions 466

8.1.2 The Mean Velocity 467

8.1.3 Velocity Profile in the Fully Developed Region 468

8.1.4 Pressure Gradient and Friction Factor in Fully Developed Flow 470

8.2 Thermal Considerations 471

8.2.1 The Mean Temperature 472

8.2.2 Newton's Law of Cooling 473

8.2.3 Fully Developed Conditions 473

8.3 The Energy Balance 477

8.3.1 General Considerations 477

8.3.2 Constant Surface Heat Flux 478

8.3.3 Constant Surface Temperature 481

8.4 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes: Thermal Analysis and Convection Correlations 485

8.4.1 The Fully Developed Region 485

8.4.2 The Entry Region 489

8.5 Convection Correlations: Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes 491

8.6 Convection Correlations: Noncircular Tubes 495

8.7 The Concentric Tube Annulus 500

8.8 Heat Transfer Enhancement 502

8.9 Convection Mass Transfer 503

8.10 Summary 506

References 509

Problems 509

CHAPTER9 Free Convection 533

9.1 Physical Considerations 534

9.2 The Governing Equations 537

9.3 Similarity Considerations 539

9.4 Laminar Free Convection on a Vertical Surface 540

9.5 The Effects of Turbulence 542

9.6 Empirical Correlations: External Free Convection Flows 545

9.6.1 The Vertical Plate 545

9.6.2 Inclined and Horizontal Plates 548

9.6.3 The Long Horizontal Cylinder 554

9.6.4 Spheres 557

9.7 Free Convection within Parallel Plate Channels 558

9.7.1 Vertical Channels 559

9.7.2 Inclined Channels 561

9.8 Empirical Correlations: Enclosures 561

9.8.1 Rectangular Cavities 561

9.8.2 Concentric Cylinders 564

9.8.3 Concentric Spheres 565

9.9 Combined Free and Forced Convection 567

9.10 Convection Mass Transfer 568

9.11 Summary 569

References 570

Problems 572

CHAPTER10 Boiling and Condensation 593

10.1 Dimensionless Parameters in Boiling and Condensation 594

10.2 Boiling Modes 595

10.3 Pool Boiling 596

10.3.1 The Boiling Curve 596

10.3.2 Modes of Pool Boiling 598

10.4 Pool Boiling Correlations 601

10.4.1 Nucleate Pool Boiling 602

10.4.2 Critical Heat Flux for Nucleate Pool Boiling 603

10.4.3 Minimum Heat Flux 603

10.4.4 Film Pool Boiling 604

10.4.5 Parametric Effects on Pool Boiling 605

10.5 Forced-Convection Boiling 610

10.5.1 External Forced-Convection Boiling 611

10.5.2 Two-Phase Flow 611

10.6 Condensation: Physical Mechanisms 613

10.7 Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate 615

10.8 Turbulent Film Condensation 619

10.9 Film Condensation on Radial Systems 623

10.10 Film Condensation in Horizontal Tubes 626

10.11 Dropwise Condensation 627

10.12 Summary 627

References 628

Problems 630

CHAPTER11 Heat Exchangers 641

11.1 Heat Exchanger Types 642

11.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 645

11.3 Heat Exchanger Analysis: Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference 647

11.3.1 The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger 648

11.3.2 The Counterflow Heat Exchanger 651

11.3.3 Special Operating Conditions 652

11.3.4 Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers 652

11.4 Heat Exchanger Analysis: The Effectiveness-NTU Method 659

11.4.1 Definitions 660

11.4.2 Effectiveness-NTU Relations 661

11.5 Methodology of a Heat Exchanger Calculation 668

11.6 Compact Heat Exchangers 674

11.7 Summary 679

References 680

Problems 681

CHAPTER12 Radiation: Processes and Properties 699

12.1 Fundamental Concepts 700

12.2 Radiation Intensity 703

12.2.1 Definitions 703

12.2.2 Relation to Emission 706

12.2.3 Relation to Irradiation 709

12.2.4 Relation to Radiosity 711

12.3 Blackbody Radiation 712

12.3.1 The Planck Distribution 713

12.3.2 Wien's Displacement Law 713

12.3.3 The Stefan-Boltzmann Law 714

12.3.4 Band Emission 715

12.4 Sufrace Emission 720

12.5 Surface Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission 728

12.5.1 Absorptivity 730

12.5.2 Reflectivity 731

12.5.3 Transmissivity 732

12.5.4 Special Considerations 733

12.6 Kirchhoff s Law 738

12.7 The Gray Surface 740

12.8 Environmental Radiation 746

12.9 Summary 752

References 756

Problems 756

CHAPTER13 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces 789

13.1 The View Factor 790

13.1.1 The View Factor Integral 790

13.1.2 View Factor Relations 791

13.2 Blackbody Radiation Exchange 800

13.3 Radiation Exchange Between Diffuse, Gray Surfaces in an Enclosure 803

13.3.1 Net Radiation Exchange at a Surface 803

13.3.2 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces 805

13.3.3 The Two-Surface Enclosure 810

13.3.4 Radiation Shields 812

13.3.5 The Reradiating Surface 814

13.4 Multimode Heat Transfer 818

13.5 Additional Effects 821

13.5.1 Volumetric Absorption 822

13.5.2 Gaseous Emission and Absorption 822

13.6 Summary 827

References 828

Problems 828

CHAPTER14 Diffusion Mass Transfer 859

14.1 Physical Origins and Rate Equations 860

14.1.1 Physical Origins 860

14.1.2 Mixture Composition 861

14.1.3 Fick's Law of Diffusion 862

14.1.4 Restrictive Conditions 863

14.1.5 Mass Diffusion Coefficient 867

14.2 Conservation of Species 867

14.2.1 Conservation of Species for a Control Volume 868

14.2.2 The Mass Diffusion Equation 868

14.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions 871

14.4 Mass Diffusion Without Homogeneous Chemical Reactions 874

14.4.1 Stationary Media with Specified Surface Concentrations 875

14.4.2 Stationary Media with Catalytic Surface Reactions 878

14.4.3 Equimolar Counterdiffusion 881

14.4.4 Evaporation in a Column 884

14.5 Mass Diffusion with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions 886

14.6 Transient Diffusion 889

14.7 Summary 893

References 894

Problems 895

APPENDIXA Thermophysical Properties of Matter 903

APPENDIXB Mathematical Relations and Functions 933

APPENDIXC Thermal Conditions Associated with Uniform Energy Generation in One-Dimensional, Steady-State Systems 939

APPENDIXD Graphical Representation of One-Dimensional, Transient Conduction in the Plane Wall, Long Cylinder, and Sphere 947

APPENDIXE The Convection Transfer Equations 953

E.1 Conservation of Mass 954

E.2 Newton's Second Law of Motion 955

E.3 Conservation of Energy 958

E.4 Conservation of Species 961

APPENDIXF Art Integral Laminar Boundary Layer Solution for Parallel Flow Over a Flat Plate 963

Index 969