CHAPTER 1．PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY 1
1-1 Introduction 1
1-2 History of biophysics 3
1-3 Life － order or chaos? 6
1-4 Summary 7
CHAPTER 2．THE BIOPHYSICIST＇S VIEW OF THE LIVING CELL 10
2-1 The broad characteristics of a typical cell 10
2-2 Cell organelles 13
2-3 The molecular composition of a cell 16
2-4 Biological molecules and their general character 17
2-5 Cell behavior 26
2-6 Viruses 31
2-7 Genetics and biophysics 36
2-8 Molecular biophysics 38
CHAPTER 3．ENERGETIC AND STATISTICAL RELATIONS IN THE LIVING CELL 42
3-1 Introduction 42
3-2 The conservation of energy in biological processes 43
3-3 Metabolism，or chemical and energy turnover 45
3-4 Statistical thermodynamics and biology 49
3-5 The theory of absolute reaction rates 57
3-6 Thermal inactivation 62
3-7 The entropy transfer of living organisms 63
3-8 Information theory．Relation between information and entropy 66
3-9 Information content of some biological systems 68
3-10 Information content of a bacterial cell 71
CHAPTER 4．PHYSICAL METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SIZES AND SHAPES OF MOLECULES 77
4-1 Introduction 77
4-2 Random motion 79
4-3 Diffusion 82
4-4 Measurement of diffusion constants 87
4-5 Sedimentation 91
4-6 Sedimentation-equilibrium method 93
4-7 Sedimentation-velocity method 95
4-8 Analytical centrifuges and optical detection methods 98
4-9 Rotational diffusion and birefringence 105
4-10 Conclusion 109
CHAPTER 5．X-RAY ANALYSIS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURES 113
5-1 Introduction 113
5-2 Production of x-rays 115
5-3 Diffraction of x-rays 118
5-4 Crystal structure and the unit cell 121
5-5 Layer lines and crystal arrays 124
5-6 Vector representation of amplitudes and the width of diffraction maxima 126
5-7 Density distribution within a unit cell 128
5-8 The diffraction patterns of some protein fibers 132
5-9 The structure of globular proteins 135
5-10 The structure of polypeptide chains 139
5-11 The pleated sheets and β-keratin 141
5-12 The α-helix and α-keratin 143
5-13 The structure of nucleic acid polymers 145
5-14 The structure of nucleoproteins 150
5-15 The analysis of virus structures 151
5-16 Conclusion 153
CHAPTER 6．INTRAMOLECULAR AND INTERMOLECULAR FORCES 156
6-1 Strong and weak forces 156
6-2 The uncertainty principle and the Pauli principle 157
Ⅰ．Strong Interactions 161
6-3 The covalent bond 161
6-4 The ionic bond 163
6-5 Resonance 164
Ⅱ．Weak Interactions 165
6-6 Dipole-dipole interaction 165
6-7 Permanent-dipole，induced-dipole interaction 169
6-8 Transient-dipole，induced-dipole interaction 170
6-9 Dispersion forces between large molecules 172
6-10 The hydrogen-bond interaction 174
6-11 Charge-fluctuation interaction 175
Ⅲ．molecules in Solution 176
6-12 Debye-Hückel theory 176
6-13 Antigens and antibodies as examples of short-range forces in solution 181
CHAPTER 7．ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 189
7-1 Introduction 189
7-2 Atomic energy levels 190
7-3 Molecular energy levels 193
7-4 Vibrational energy levels 195
7-5 Vibrations of polyatomic molecules 199
7-6 Characteristic bond frequencies 201
7-7 Raman spectra and the dipolar nature of amino acids 203
7-8 The vibrational spectra of proteins 205
7-9 The energy levels of hydrogen-bonded structures 206
7-10 Absorption coefficient and cross section 208
7-11 Experimental techniques for absorption measurements 212
7-12 Absorption by oriented dipoles 214
7-13 Dichroic ratios of proteins and nucleic acids 217
7-14 Electronic energy levels 220
7-15 Electronic spectra of polyatomic molecules 223
7-16 Ultraviolet absorption by proteins and nucleic acids 225
7-17 The fine structure in spectra 228
7-18 Polarized ultraviolet light 229
7-19 Electron spin resonance 230
7-20 Nuclear magnetic resonance 234
CHAPTER 8．ENZYMES 239
8-1 Introduction 239
8-2 The temperature dependence of enzyme kinetics 239
8-3 The enzyme-substrate complex 242
8-4 Observation of the enzyme-substrate complex 245
8-5 Heat inactivation and the structure of enzymes 251
8-6 The relation between enzyme structure and function 253
8-7 Enzyme specificity 257
8-8 Speculations about the mechanism of enzyme action 262
8-9 Speculations about the minimum size of an enzyme 264
CHAPTER 9．ACTION SPECTRA AND QUANTUM YIELDS 267
9-1 Introduction 267
9-2 Light sources and materials 269
9-3 Monochromators 271
9-4 Intensity measurements 274
9-5 Definition of action spectra 277
9-6 Action spectra theory 278
9-7 Inactivation of proteins and nucleic acids 281
9-8 Light action on respiratory pigments 288
9-9 Photosynthesis 291
9-10 Sensitized fluorescence 294
9-11 Viruses and microorganisms 295
9-12 Cooperative events in light action;the Poisson distribution 296
9-13 Photoreversal 303
CHAPTER 10．THE ACTION OF IONIZING RADIATION ON CELLULAR CONSTITUENTS 306
10-1 Introduction 306
10-2 The nature of ionizing radiation 307
10-3 The measure of radiation:the roentgen 315
10-4 Ionization by x-rays，gamma rays，or neutrons 315
10-5 Dosimetry 318
10-6 Action of ionizing radiation on molecular systems 321
10-7 Experimental results of bombarding large biological molecules 323
10-8 Target theory 326
10-9 Variable linear energy transfer 328
10-10 Effect of secondary electrons，or delta rays 331
10-11 Features of the radiation sensitivity of large molecules 333
10-12 Molecular effects by agents that diffuse 334
10-13 Protective action against diffusing agents 336
10-14 The oxygen effect 338
10-15 A theoretical analysis of radiation effects on a cell 339
10-16 The action of ionizing radiation on chromosomes 343
10-17 The effects of ionizing radiation on human beings 347
CHAPTER 11．THE USE OF IONIZING RADIATION TO STUDY CELL STRUCTURE 352
11-1 Introduction 352
11-2 The principle of the method 352
11-3 Early radiation studies of structure 356
11-4 Radiation studies of the structure of viruses 358
11-5 Differential radiation studies on bacteria 366
11-6 Bombardment of bacteria by particles limited in penetration 374
11-7 Orientation studies 377
11-8 Conclusion 378
CHAPTER 12．MICROSCOPES 380
12-1 Introduction 380
12-2 Magnification 380
12-3 Resolution 384
12-4 Contrast 391
12-5 Staining 393
12-6 Fluorescence 393
12-7 Polarization 393
12-8 Ultraviolet microscopes 396
12-9 Interference microscopes 399
12-10 Phase microscopes 403
12-11 Electron microscopy 410
CHAPTER 13．ISOTOPIC TRACERS IN MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS 417
13-1 Introduction 417
13-2 Detection and measurement of isotopes 420
13-3 Experimental use of isotopic tracers 424
13-4 The permeability of the bacterial cell to small molecules 424
13-5 Amino acid incorporation;isotopic competition 426
13-6 The induction of adaptive enzymes 432
13-7 Effect of incorporated phosphorus-32 on the viability of a bacterial virus 434
13-8 Radioautographic studies of biological duplication 436
13-9 Remarks about commonly used isotopes 443
13-10 Summary and conclusion 446
CHAPTER 14．MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS AND MUSCLE，NERVE，AND EYE STUDIES 448
14-1 Introduction 448
Ⅰ．Muscle Studies 449
14-2 Muscle fiber as a model 449
14-3 Biochemical character of muscle 451
14-4 The molecular architecture of the muscle fiber 454
14-5 Muscle behavior 456
14-6 Molecular biophysics and muscle action 458
Ⅱ．Nerve Studies 467
14-7 Cell membranes 467
14-8 Electrical effects associated with membranes 469
14-9 Nature of a nerve and a nerve cell 474
Ⅲ．Studies of the Eye 479
14-10 The eye as a model 479
14-11 The retina 480
14-12 Quantum nature of vision 483
14-13 The biochemistry of retinal detection 485
Ⅳ．Conclusion 487
CHAPTER 15．THE PHYSICS OF CELLULAR PROCESSES 489
15-1 Introduction 489
15-2 Growth 489
15-3 Protein synthesis 494
15-4 Random collison and specific selection 495
15-5 Content of the volume around a ribosome 496
15-6 Random collisions and the rates of each step in synthesis 497
15-7 Temporary complex formation 501
15-8 The speed of diffusion in the cell 502
15-9 Electrical effects in diffusion 504
15-10 Specificity of transport 509
15-11 Fluctuations in the cell 511
15-12 The duplication of DNA 512
15-13 Random diffusion and specific selection in DNA synthesis 513
15-14 The formation of ribosomes 518
15-15 ＂Long-range＂forces 519
15-16 The process of cell division 520
15-17 Conclusion 522
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 525
CONVERSION TABLE 527
INDEXES 531