语言学课题 语言研究实用指南 英文版PDF电子书下载

1 Introduction：starting on the right foot 1

Choosing an area 1

Getting organized 3

Using resources 5

Being a researcher 7

Setting up data-based research 9

Preface by Halliday 14

Being streetwise：keeping on the right side of your assessor 14

王宗炎序 15

Preface by Chomsky 18

2 Psycholinguistics 19

PART I AREAS OF STUDY AND PROJECT IDEAS 19

Textbooks and major journals 20

Central themes and project ideas 21

Modularity 22

Themes in comprehension 24

沈家煊序 25

导读 28

Themes in production 30

Preface 36

The units of normal processing 36

Language and thought 36

Approaches to research 39

International Phonetic Alphabet 39

3 First-language acquisition and development 39

Terminology 40

Textbooks and major journals 40

The CHILDES database 42

Things to think about 42

Longitudinal case studies 44

Central themes and project ideas 44

Pre-linguistic development 45

Over-and under-extension：lexical and semantic development 46

Children s morphology 47

Development of phonology and intonation 47

Comprehension of complex grammatical structures 48

Children s metalinguistic awareness 48

Colour terms 49

Carer language（or’child-directed speech ） 50

Conversational development 51

Sources of variation in child language 52

Literacy development 52

4 Conversation analysis 54

Textbooks 55

Central themes and project ideas 57

Major journals 57

Scripted versus non-scripted conversation 58

Radio and TV interviews 59

The development of children s conversational skills 59

Conversation and gender 60

Language，power and hierarchy 61

5 Second-language acquisition 63

Terminology 63

Textbooks and major journals 65

Things to think about 66

Central themes and project ideas 66

Developmental sequences and the process of acquisition 66

Comparison of L1 and L2 acquisition 67

Language-learning targets 67

Grammar-based and communication-based teaching 68

Different concepts expressed in different languages 70

Vocabulary acquisition 70

The learner s approach and experience 71

Interlanguage，error analysis and contrastive analysis 71

Language assessment and testing 72

Bilinguals，multilinguals and polyglots 73

Foreign language teaching policy 74

Effect of the year abroad 76

Role of the social and political status of English as L2 76

6 Style in texts 78

Textbooks and major journals 79

Finding and approaching a text 80

Central themes and project ideas 80

Interpersonal function 80

Sound patterns 82

Lexical choice 83

Grammatical structure 85

Authorship 86

Ideology and power 86

7 Sociolinguistics 88

Terminology and central concepts 89

Textbooks and major journals 90

Central themes and project ideas 91

Types and causes of variation 92

Quantitative approaches 93

Social networks 94

Qualitative approaches 95

8 Accents and dialects of English 99

Terminology 100

Textbooks 100

Other resources 101

Which accent/dialect to choose 102

Major journals 102

What to look for in an accent 103

What to look for in a dialect 103

Possible angles and project ideas 106

Comparing the speech of three generations 106

Explaining why a variety has come about 107

The political dimension of a variety 108

Accent and dialect in literature 109

Update study 109

Comparison of two varieties 110

Things to think about 111

9 Structure and meaning 112

Textbooks and major journals 113

Central themes and project ideas 115

Pragmatics 115

Metaphor 117

Sentence structure 118

Lexicon and collocation 119

Morphology and etymology 122

Punctuation 124

‘Correct’grammar 124

10 Historical linguistics 127

Textbooks，reference sources and major journals 128

Central themes and project ideas 131

Researching words 131

Pronunciation and spelling 134

History of English dialects 135

The profile of a feature of English across time 135

Socio-political trends and influences on English 136

English as a world language 136

Things to think about 137

The influence of literacy on language 137

11 Language and gender 139

Terminology 140

Useful skills and knowledge 140

Textbooks 140

Major journals 142

Central themes and project ideas 142

The history and development of language and gender as a branch of linguistics 143

Attitudes towards male and female language 143

Male-female differences in accent and dialect 144

Differences in conversation and style of language use 145

Explanations of difference 147

Language and sexism 148

Gender-differentiated language in first-language acquisition 149

Language，gender and education 150

Places to get data 153

PART II TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING DATA 153

12 Tape-recording date 153

Audio or video? 154

Ethics and legality 154

Quality 154

Practicalities 154

Things to think about 155

How much data do you need? 156

Eliciting data from informants 157

13 Experiments 158

What does experimentation involve? 159

Advantages of experimental research 160

Disadvantages of experimental research 160

Designing an experiment 161

Things to think about 163

Practice and fatigue effects 164

Order effects 164

Floor and ceiling effects 164

Emergencies 165

14 Questionnaires 167

What is a questionnaire? 167

What research areas can a questionnaire be used for? 167

Subjects 168

Handling personal information 169

Presenting a questionnaire 169

Designing a questionnaire 171

Types of data 173

Specific techniques 177

Things to think about 178

Relating the questionnaire to the study 179

Written questionnaires 179

Spoken questionnaires 180

15 Interviews 182

General procedures 182

Approaches to interviewing 183

Data elicitation 183

Asking for intuitions 183

Gathering general data for later analysis 185

16 Observation and case studies 186

Observation studies 186

Advantages 187

Disadvantages 187

Things to think about 188

Case studies 189

Advantages 190

Disadvantages 190

Dealing with the results 191

How to set up a case study 191

PART III TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND PROJECT WRITING 195

17 Transcribing speech phonetically and phonemically 195

The difference between phonetic and phonemic transcription 195

A few notes on phonemes 197

Hints on writing about pronunciation 198

Checklist of phonemes 199

18 Transcribing speech orthographically 201

Basics 201

Dealing with silence 202

Dealing with complexity 204

Dealing with obscurity and unusual pronunciations 205

Use of conventional punctuation 207

Dealing with pitch，emphasis，speed and volume 208

Layout problems 210

External events 210

Other problems 211

19 Using computers to study texts 213

Corpora and other computer-readable textual materials 213

Why you might want to study texts using a computer 213

Compiling your own corpus：potential problems 214

Corpora and other texts of English available for academic use 214

How to get hold of a corpus 216

Types of corpus annotation 216

Linguistic analyses that can be done using computers and how to do them 217

Programs that are available for text analysis 220

Other applications of computers in relation to texts 221

Textbooks 222

20 The Data Protection Act 224

What is the Data Protection Act? 224

Registration 226

Important note 227

21 How to reference 228

Basics 228

The Harvard system 232

The Humane system 238

22 Plagiarism and how to avoid it 241

What is plagiarism? 241

How to avoid accidental plagiarism：some strategies 242

An exercise in using published sources，creating a sophisticated account，and avoiding plagiarism 242

23 Statistics 255

Why use statistics? 255

What can statistics do? 256

Statistics and hypotheses 258

Choosing statistical tests 260

Textbooks 262

Gaining confidence 262

Key to the most common algebraic symbols used in basic statistics 263

24 Using an abstracting journal 265

What are abstracting journals? 265

What abstracting journals are available? 266

What to do 266

25 Handy hints on writing good academic English 268

Before you write 268

As you are writing 269

After you have written 271

The uses of apostrophes 271

Using punctuation 272

Other common problems 273

References 274

Index 293

文库索引 304