英文写作与修辞PDF电子书下载

Table of Contents 1

Introduction 1

Exercises 5

Chapter 1 The Paragraph 9

Fundamental Functions of the Paragraph 9

Unity and Controlling Idea 11

The Topic Sentence 13

Paragraph Development 16

Coherence 18

A．Coherene Thrrugh Logical Arrangement 20

B．Coherenee Through Cohesive Devices 21

Transition 23

A．Opening Paragraphs 27

Three Special Paragraphs 27

B．Closing Paragraphs 32

C．Dialogue Paragraphs 35

Exercises 36

Chapter 2 Narration 43

What Is Narration 43

Model Essay 44

Langston Hughes:Saved from Sin 44

How to Write a Narrative 48

A．Decide upon a Theme 48

B．Organize the Narrative in Temporal Order 50

C．Build Conflict in the Plot 52

D．Focus on the Character 53

E．Select and Pace the Details 54

F．Use Consistent Point of View 55

Exercises 57

Further Readings 61

E.R. Braithwaite:Thc Interview 61

Nikos Kazantzakis:A Night in a Galabrian Village 66

Chapter 3 Description 70

What Is Description 70

Model Essay 71

George Orwell:A Hanging 71

How to Write a Description 78

A．Establish a Dominant Impression 78

B．Arrange the Description in Spatial Order 80

C．Point of View 81

1．Describing a person 83

D．Four Sub-types of Description 83

2．Describing a place 85

3．Describing a scene 86

4．Describing an object 87

E．Use speclfic and viyie language 87

Exercises 88

Further Readings 94

Henry David Thoreau:The Battle 94

Deems Taylor:The Monster 99

Chapter 4 Exposition:Illustration 106

What Is Illustration 106

Model Essay 107

Joanna Mermey:A Victim of the Consumer Crusaders 107

How to Write an Illustration 111

A．Select Good Examples 111

B．Types of Examples 113

C．Order Examples 114

D．Balance the General with the Specific 115

Exercises 117

Further Readings 121

Marya Mannes:Packaged Deception 121

J.B. Priestley:Two Personal Essays 126

Chapter 5 Exposition:Divisition and Classification 130

What Is Division and Classification 130

Model Essay 131

Bertrand Russell:What I Have Lived For 131

How to Write a Division/Classification 133

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay 133

B．The Introductory Paragraph 133

C．Provocation and Response 135

D．Overall Plan and Variation 136

E．Rules of Division and Classification 137

Exercises 139

Further Readings 142

C.L. Wrenn:The Characteristics of English 142

Aaron Copland:Different Types of Composers 146

Chapter 6 Exposition:Comparison and Contrast 150

What is Comparison and Contrast 150

Model Essay 151

Bruce Catton:Grant and Lee:A Study in Contrasts 151

How to Write a Comparison/Contrast 158

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay 158

B．Subject-by-Subject and Point-by-Point Comparisons 159

C．Selection of Material and Thesis Statement 160

D．Balance and Emphasis 162

E．Transitions 164

Analogy 165

Exercises 166

Further Readings 171

David Skwire:Sentence Fragment and Speeding 171

Brander Mathews:Franklin and Emerson 173

Eugene Raskin:Walls and Barriers 174

Chapter 7 Exposition:Causal Analysis 180

What Is Causal Analysis 180

Model Essay 181

Robert Jastrow:Man of Wisdom 181

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay 188

How to Write a Causal Analysis 188

B．Distinguish Necessary,Sufficient and Contributory Causes 189

C．Consider Both Immediate and Remote Causes 191

D．Patterns of Causal Analysis 192

E．Avoid Post Hoc Fallacy 195

F．Avoid Circular Reasoning 195

G．Explain Cause and Effect Explicitly 196

Exercises 197

Further Readings 200

Edwin Newman:Language on the Skids 200

John Brooks:The Telephone 205

Chapter 8 Exposition:Definition 208

What Is Definition 208

Model Essay 208

Desmond Morris:Barrier Signals 208

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay 215

How to Write a Definition 215

B．Formal Definition 216

C．Personal Definition 218

D．Extended Definition 219

1．Definition by origin 219

2．Definition by example 221

3．Definition by comparison 221

4．Definition by contrast 222

5．Definition by description 223

6．Definition by classification 223

Exercises 225

Further Readings 229

Ellen Goodman:The Workaholic 229

Mark Van Doren:What Is a Poet? 232

Chapter 9 Exposition:Process Analysis 241

What Is Process Analysis 241

Model Essay 242

Matthew Kay:How to Kill a Bull at a Fiesta 242

How to Write a Process Analysis 245

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay 245

B．Collect Adequate and Accurate Information 246

C．Begin with a Clear Thesis Statement 247

D．Deal with the Process 247

1．Chronological order and spatial order 247

2．Divide a continuous process appropriately 248

3．Group minor actions into major ones 249

4．Order simultaneous actions 250

E．Make Each Individual Step Clear,Complete,without Repetition 251

5．Handle properly comments,explanations,etc 251

F．Use the Flow Diagram 252

Exercises 253

Further Readings 255

How to Enlarge a Photograph 255

S.I. Hayakawa:How Dictionaries Are Made 258

I Remember,Granner 261

Chapter 10 Argumentation 264

What Is Argumentation 264

Modle Essay 265

Erich Fromm:Our Way of Life Makes Us Miserable How to Write an Argumentation 274

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay 274

B．Appealing to Reason 276

1．Induction 276

2．Deduction 277

C．Identifying with the Audience 281

D．Logical Fallacies 284

1．False Analogy 284

2．Evading the Issue 285

3．Non Sequitur 287

Exercises 288

Further Readings 293

Jonathan Swift:A Modest Proposal 293

John F.Kennedy:Inaugural Address 306

Luigi Pirandello:War 312

Chapter 11 Diction 319

Abstract and Concrete Words 320

General and Specific Words 320

Denotation and Connotation 322

Synonyms 325

Euphemisms 326

Exercises 1—5 328

Slang 330

Jargon 331

Cliches 332

Exercise 6 335

Figures of speech 337

A．Simile 337

B．Metaphor 338

C．Personification 339

D．Metonymy 340

E．Hyperbole 341

F．Litotes 341

G．Transferred Epithet 342

H．Onomatopoeia 343

I．Irony 343

Exercise 7 344

Chapter 12 The Rhetoric of Sentences 346

Active Voice or Passive Voice? 346

Parallelism 348

Exercises 8,9 351

Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers 353

A．Dangling Modifiers 353

B．Misplaced Modifiers 356

Exercise 10 357

Sentence Clarity 359

A．Lack of Necessary Details 359

B．Choppy Sentences 360

C．Confusing Shifts 361

Exercises 11,12 363

D．Confusing Pronoun Reference 363

Sentence Conciseness 370

Exercise 13 374

Sentence Emphasis 377

A．Positions of Words 377

B．Periodie and Loose Sentences 377

C．Balanced Sentences 378

D．Repetition 379

E．Other Means of Emphasis 381

Exercises 14,15 381

The Expletives 382

Stringy Sentences 383

Exercises 16,17 384

A．Vary Sentence Beginnings 385

Sentence Variety 385

B．Vary Sentence Patterns and Kinds of Sentences 388

C．Vary Sentence Length 388

Exercises 18,19 389

Sentence Combining 389

Exercises 20,21 393

Chapter 13 Tone and Style 396

Tone 396

Style 398

Exercise 22 402

Appendix 407

Glossary of Usage 407

Punctuation 445

Index 461