语言模式 文体学入门PDF电子书下载

1 Introduction 1

1．1 About you… 2

1．2 What is stylistics? 3

1．3 Some debates about the methods and purpose of stylistics 6

1．4 The background to the study of language and literature 9

1．5 The purpose of this book 10

1．6 The structure of this book 11

Preface by Haliday 11

王宗炎序 12

导读 15

2 Sound and metre in peefry 15

2．1 Introduction 16

2．2 Sound patterning 17

2．2．1 Examples of sound patterning 17

2．2．2 Sounds versus letters 19

2．2．3 Syllable structure and sound patterning 25

Acknowledgements 28

2．2．4 Different forms of sound patterning 30

2．3 Stress and metrical patterning 32

2．3．1 Word stress 32

2．3．2 Stress in longerunits 34

2．3．3 Analysing metre 35

2．3．4 Different types of feet 36

2．3．5 Different types of metre 37

2．4 Conventiomal forms of metre and sound 38

2．5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 43

2．6 Analysis of poetry: checklist 45

Suggestions for furtherreading 47

3 Grammar and literary style 49

3．1 Introdwction 50

3．2 What is grammar? 52

3．3 Attitudes to grammar: prescription and description 52

3．4 Two levels of grammar: morphology and syntax 54

3．5 Word classes 58

3．5．1 Identifying word classes 58

3．5．2 Open and closed classwords 62

3．6．1 The noun phrase 64

3．6 Describing noun and verb phrases 64

3．6．2 The verb phrase 65

3．6．3 Non-finite verb phrases 67

3．7 Describing sentences 70

3．7．1 Simple and complex sentences 71

3．8 Foregrounding and grammatical form 75

3．9 Analysis of grammar: checklist 79

Suggestions for further reading 80

4 Meaning 81

4．2 Semantics 82

4．1 Introduction 82

4．2．1 Gaps and overlaps 83

4．2．2 Opposites 85

4．2．3 Hyponyms and superordinates 86

4．3 Context 88

4．3．1 Deixis 88

4．3．2 Homonyms 90

4．3．3 Other similar texts/discourses 90

4．3．4 Your prior knowledge 91

4．4 Register 92

4．5 Literal language and figurative language 95

4．5．1 Similes 95

4．5．2 Metaphor 96

4．5．3 Simile versus metaphor 98

4．5．4 Explicit and embedded metaphors 99

4．5．5 Types of metaphor 103

4．5．6 Metonymy 109

4．5．7 Synecdoche 110

4．6．1 New ideas or areas of knowledge 111

4．6 Metaphor and language change 111

4．6．2 Abstract ideas made concrete 112

4．7 Functions of figurative language use 112

4．8 Analysis of meaning: checklist 113

Suggestions for further reading 114

5 Stylistic applications to drama 115

5．1 Introduction 116

5．1．1 The significance of context 117

5．1．2 Drama on film 117

5．2 How should we analyse drama? 118

5．2．2 Drama as fiction 119

5．2．1 Drama as poetry 119

5．2．3 Drama as conversation 121

5．3 Differences between speech and writing 121

5．3．1 Pauses and pause fillers 123

5．3．2 Unclear speech 123

5．3．3 Repetition and recycling 124

5．3．4 Turn-taking 125

5．3．5 Back channel support 126

5．3．7 Discourse cohesion 127

5．3．6 Discourse markers 127

5．4 Analysing dramatic language 130

5．4．1 Turn quantity and length 130

5．4．2 Exchange sequences 130

5．4．3 Production errors 132

5．4．4 The cooperative principle 133

5．4．5 Speech acts 135

5．4．6 Presuppositions 136

5．4．7 Status marked through language 137

5．4．8 Register 139

5．4．9 Speech and silence-female characters in plays 141

5．5 Analysis of dramatic texts: checklist 142

Suggestions for further reading 143

6 From classic realism to modernism and postmodernism 145

6．1 Introduction 146

6．2 Literary perspectives on realist texts 147

6．3 The emergence of realism 152

6．4 Stylistic characteristics of realist texts 153

6．4．1 The omniscient narrator 154

6．4．2 Representation of place 157

6．4．3 Representation of Dialogue 158

6．4．4 Representation of time 161

6．4．5 Realism in other fictional genres 163

6．5 After classic realism 165

6．6 The origins of modernism 169

6．7 Stylistic characteristics of modernist texts 169

6．7．1 Language as a substance in its own right 170

6．7．2 Departure from conventional literary structures 170

6．7．3 Collage and allusion 171

6．8 The origins of postmodernism 172

6．7．4 Register 172

6．9 Stylistic characteristics of postmodernist texts 174

6．9．1 Language as a free-floating entity 174

6．9．2 Loss of narrative closure 175

6．9．3 Parody and pastiche 176

6．9．4 The and of cultural hierarchy 177

6．9．5 All stories have been told before 177

6．9．6 Self-feferentiality 178

6．9．7 Irony and humour 179

6．10 The function of style in fiction 180

6．11 Analysis of fiction: checklist 183

Suggestions for further reading 184

7 Style in popular texts 185

7．1 Introdnction 186

7．2 Exploiting patterns in sound and meaning: headline texts 187

7．3 Lexical creativity 189

7．4 Targeting the reader 190

7．4．1 Direct address in media texts 191

7．4．3 Presupposition in advertising 194

7．4．2 Addressing the listener 194

7．5 Reference and deixis 197

7．5．1 Deixis in advertising 199

7．5．2 Deixis in spoken media discourse 200

7．6 Transferring meaning: metaphors in advertising 201

7．7 Analysis of popular texts: checklist 204

Suggestions for further reading 206

8 Theory and style: next steps 207

8．1 Overview 208

8．2 Linguistics and literary criticism 209

8．3 Texts and the reader 211

8．4 Texts as discourse 212

8．5 Critical text analysis 213

8．6 Theory and practice: some further questions 215

8．7 Conclusions 216

Suggested answers to activities 217

Glossary 237

References 249

Bibliography 255

Index 261

文库索引 265