历史语言学 英文版PDF电子书下载

1 The fact of language change 1

1.1 Boris Becker's observation 1

1.2 English then and now 2

1.3 Attitudes to language change 7

1.4 The inevitability of change 12

Further reading 13

Exercises 14

2 Lexical and semantic change 17

2.1 Borrowing 17

2.2 Phonological treatment of loans 24

2.3 Morphological treatment of loans 27

2.4 Formation of new words 30

2.5 Change in word-meaning 37

Exercises 47

Further reading 47

3 Phonological change Ⅰ:Change in pronunciation 52

3.1 The phonetic basis of phonological change 52

3.2 Assimilation and dissimilation 53

3.3 Lenition and fortition 55

3.4 Addition and removal of phonetic features 60

3.5 Vowels and syllable structure 63

3.6 Whole-segment processes 66

3.7 The regularity issue:a first look 69

3.8 Summary 70

Further reading 70

Exercises 71

4 Phonological change Ⅱ:Change in phonological systems 76

4.1 Conditioning and rephonologization 76

4.2 Phonological space 82

4.3 Chain shifts 85

4.4 Phonological change as rule change 90

4.5 Summary 95

Further reading 96

Exercises 96

5 Morphological change 102

5.1 Reanalysis 102

5.2 Analogy and levelling 105

5.3 Universal principles of analogy 112

5.4 Morphologization 115

5.5 Morphologization of phonological rules 118

5.6 Change in morphological type 125

Further reading 128

Exercises 129

6.1 Reanalysis of surface structure 133

6 Syntactic change 133

6.2 Shift of markedness 139

6.3 Grammaticalization 143

6.4 Typological harmony 147

6.5 Case study:the rise of ergativity 151

6.6 Syntactic change as restructuring of grammars 156

Further reading 158

Exercises 159

7 Relatedness between languages 165

7.1 The origin of dialects 165

7.2 Dialect geography 170

7.3 Genetic relationships 176

7.4 Tree model and wave model 181

7.5 The language families of the world 187

Exercises 194

Further reading 194

8 The comparative method 202

8.1 Systematic correspondences 202

8.2 Comparative reconstruction 208

8.3 Pitfalls and limitations 216

8.4 The Neogrammarian Hypothesis 224

8.5 Semantic reconstruction 228

8.6 The use of typology and universals 231

8.7 Reconstructing grammar 236

8.8 The reality of proto-languages 239

Further reading 240

Exercises 241

9 Internal reconstruction 248

9.1 A first look at the internal method 248

9.2 Alternations and internal reconstruction 253

9.3 Case study:the laryngeal theory of PIE 256

9.4 Internal reconstruction of grammar and lexicon 260

Further reading 262

Exercises 262

10 The origin and propagation of change 267

10.1 The Saussurean paradox 267

10.2 Variation and social stratification 268

10.3 Variation as the vehicle of change 276

10.4 Lexical diffusion 285

10.5 Near-mergers 290

10.6 A closing note 294

Further reading 296

Exercises 297

11.1 Language contact 308

11 Contact and the birth and death of languages 308

11.2 Linguistic areas 315

11.3 Language birth:pidgins and creoles 317

11.4 Language death 323

11.5 Language planning 330

Further reading 337

Exercises 338

12 Language and prehistory 345

12.1 Etymology 345

12.2 Place names 350

12.3 Linguistic palaeontology 354

12.4 Links with archaeology 356

12.5 Statistical methods 361

Exercises 370

Further reading 370

13 Very remote relations 376

13.1 The mainstream view 376

13.2 A brief history of remote proposals 377

13.3 The Nostratic hypothesis 381

13.4 Greenberg's multilateral comparisons 384

13.5 Towards an evaluation of the macro-families 390

13.6 Towards Proto-World? 391

13.7 The early spread of people and languages 396

13.8 Worldwide loan words? 402

Further reading 403

Exercises 404

Appendix:The Swadesh 200-word list 408

References 410

Index 423

文库索引 431