MLA科研论文写作规范PDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1:Research and Writing 2

1.1.The Research Paper as a Form of Exploration 2

1.2.The Research Paper as a Form of Writing 4

1.3.Selecting a Topic 4

1.4.Conducting Research 5

1.4.1.The Modern Academic Library 5

1.4.2.The Central Information System 6

1.4.3.Reference Works 6

1.4.4.The Online Catalog of Library Holdings 14

1.4.5.Other Library Resources and Services 19

1.4.6.Internet Sources 20

1.5.Compiling a Working Bibliography 22

1.6.Evaluating Sources 25

1.6.1.Authorship and Authority 27

1.6.2.Accuracy and Verifiability 28

1.6.3.Currency 28

1.7.Taking Notes 28

1.8.Plagiarism 30

1.9.Outlining 34

1.9.1.Working Outline 34

1.9.2.Thesis Statement 35

1.9.3.Final Outline 36

1.10.Writing Drafts 40

1.11.Language and Style 42

1.12.Guides to Writing 43

2.1.1.Consistency 49

2.1.2.Word Division 49

CHAPTER 2:The Mechanics of Writing 49

2.1.Spelling 49

2.1.3.Plurals 50

2.1.4.Foreign Words 50

2.2.Punctuation 50

2.2.1.The Purpose of Punctuation 50

2.2.2.Commas 51

2.2.3.Semicolons 56

2.2.4.Colons 56

2.2.5.Dashes and Parentheses 58

2.2.6.Hyphens 59

2.2.7.Apostrophes 61

2.2.8.Quotation Marks 63

2.2.9.Square Brackets 63

2.2.11.Periods,Question Marks,and Exclamation Points 64

2.2.10.Slashes 64

2.3.Italics(Underlining) 65

2.3.1.Words and Letters Referred to as Words and Letters 65

2.3.2.Foreign Words in an English Text 66

2.3.3.Emphasis 66

2.4.Names of Persons 66

2.4.1.First and Subsequent Uses of Names 66

2.4.2.Titles of Persons 67

2.4.3.Names of Authors and Fictional Characters 68

2.5.Numbers 68

2.5.1.Arabic Numerals 68

2.5.2.Use of Words or Numerals 68

2.5.3.Commas in Numbers 70

2.5.4.Percentages and Amounts of Money 70

2.5.5.Dates and Times of the Day 71

2.5.7.Roman Numerals 72

2.5.6.Inclusive Numbers 72

2.6.Titles of Works in the Research Paper 73

2.6.1.Capitalization and Punctuation 73

2.6.2.Underlined Titles 75

2.6.3.Titles in Quotation Marks 76

2.6.4.Titles and Quotations within Titles 76

2.6.5.Exceptions 78

2.6.6.Shortened Titles 80

2.7.Quotations 80

2.7.1.Use and Accuracy of Quotations 80

2.7.2.Prose 81

2.7.3.Poetry 83

2.7.4.Drama 84

2.7.5.Ellipsis 85

2.7.6.Other AIterations of Sources 89

2.7.7.Punctuation with Quotations 90

2.7.8.Translations of Quotations 93

2.8.Capitalization and Personal Names in Languages Other Than English 94

2.8.1.French 94

2.8.2.German 96

2.8.3.Italian 97

2.8.4.Spanish 99

2.8.5.Latin 100

CHAPTER 3:The Format of the Research Paper 104

3.1.Printing or Typing 104

3.2.Paper 104

3.3.Margins 104

3.4.Spacing 105

3.5.Heading and Title 105

3.7.Tables and Illustrations 106

3.6.Page Numbers 106

3.8.Corrections and Insertions 109

3.9.Binding 109

3.10.Electronic Submission 110

CHAPTER 4:Documentation:Preparing the List of Works Cited 114

4.1.Documenting Sources 114

4.2.MLA Style 114

4.3.The List of Works Cited and Other Source Lists 116

4.4.Placement of the List of Works Cited 117

4.5.Arrangement of Entries 118

4.6.Citing Books and Other Nonperiodical Publications 119

4.6.1.The Basic Entry:A Book by a Single Author 119

4.6.2.An Anthology or a Compilation 123

4.6.3.Two or More Books by the Same Author 123

4.6.4.A Book by Two or More Authors 124

4.6.5.Two or More Books by the Same Authors 126

4.6.6.A Book by a Corporate Author 126

4.6.7.A Work in an Anthology 127

4.6.8.An Article in a Reference Book 130

4.6.9.An Introduction,a Preface,a Foreword,or an Afterword 131

4.6.10.Cross-References 132

4.6.11.An Anonymous Book 133

4.6.12.An Edition 134

4.6.13.A Translation 135

4.6.14.A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition 136

4.6.15.A Multivolume Work 137

4.6.16.A Book in a Series 140

4.6.17.A Republished Book 141

4.6.18.A Publisher's Imprint 141

4.6.20.A Pamphlet 142

4.6.19.A Book with Multiple Publishers 142

4.6.21.A Government Publication 143

4.6.22.The Published Proceedings of a Conference 145

4.6.23.A Book in a Language Other Than English 146

4.6.24.A Book Published before*1900 146

4.6.25.A Book without Stated Publication Information or Pagination 147

4.6.26.An Unpublished Dissertation 148

4.6.27.A Published Dissertation 148

4.7.Citing Articles and Other Publications in Periodicals 149

4.7.1.The Basic Entry:An Article in a Scholarly Journal with Continuous Pagination 149

4.7.2.An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Pages Each Issue Separately 152

4.7.3.An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Uses Only Issue Numbers 153

4.7.4.An Article in a Scholarly Journal with More Than One Series 153

4.7.5.An Article in a Newspaper 154

4.7.6.An Article in a Magazine 155

4.7.7.A Review 156

4.7.8.An Abstract in an Abstracts Journal 158

4.7.9.An Anonymous Article 159

4.7.10.An Editorial 159

4.7.11.A Letter to the Editor 159

4.7.12.A Serialized Article 160

4.7.13.A Special Issue 161

4.7.14.An Article in a Microform Collection of Articles 162

4.7.15.An Article Reprinted in a Loose-Leaf Collection of Articles 162

4.8.Citing Miscellaneous Print and Nonprint Sources 162

4.8.1.A Television or Radio Program 162

4.8.2.A Sound Recording 164

4.8.3.A Film or Video Recording 167

4.8.4.A Performance 169

4.8.5.A Musical Composition 170

4.8.6.A Painting,Sculpture,or Photograph 171

4.8.7.An Interview 172

4.8.8.A Map or Chart 173

4.8.9.A Cartoon 174

4.8.10.An Advertisement 174

4.8.11.A Lecture,a Speech,an Address,or a Reading 174

4.8.12.A Manuscript or Typescript 175

4.8.13.A Letter or Memo 175

4.8.14.A Legal Source 176

4.9.Citing Electronic Publications 178

4.9.1.Introduction 178

4.9.2.An Online Scholarly Project,Information Database,or Professional or Personal Site 180

4.9.3.An Online Book 183

4.9.4.An Article in an Online Periodical 186

4.9.5.A Publication on CD-ROM,Diskette,or Magnetic Tape 190

4.9.6.A Work in More Than One Publication Medium 195

4.9.7.A Work from an Online Service 195

4.9.8.A Work in an Indeterminate Medium 196

4.9.9.Other Electronic Sources 196

CHAPTER 5:Documentation:Citing Sources in the Text 204

5.1.Parenthetical Documentation and the List of Works Cited 204

5.2.Information Required in Parenthetical Documentation 204

5.3.Readability 206

5.4.Sample References 208

5.4.1.Citing an Entire Print or Nonprint Work 208

5.4.2.Citing Part of a Work 211

5.4.3.Citing Volume and Page Numbers of a Multivolume Work 214

5.4.4.Citing a Work Listed by Title 215

5.4.5.Citing a Work by a Corporate Author 217

5.4.6.Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author or Authors 218

5.4.7.Citing Indirect Sources 220

5.4.8.Citing Literary and Religious Works 221

5.4.9.Citing More Than One Work in a Single Parenthetical Reference 224

5.5.Using Notes with Parenthetical Documentation 227

5.5.1.Content Notes 227

5.5.2.Bibliographic Notes 228

CHAPTER 6:Abbreviations 232

6.1.Introduction 232

6.2.Time Designations 233

6.3.Geographic Names 234

6.4.Common Scholarly Abbreviations 237

6.5.Publishers'Names 244

6.6.1.Selected Proofreading Symbols 246

6.6.2.Common Correction Symbols and Abbreviations 246

6.6.Symbols and Abbreviations Used in Proofreading and Correction 246

6.7.Titles of Literary and Religious Works 247

6.7.1.Bible 247

6.7.2.Shakespeare 250

6.7.3.Chaucer 251

6.7.4.Other Literary Works 252

Appendix A:Selected Reference Works by Field 256

A.1.Anthropology 256

A.2.Art 256

A.3.Biology 257

A.4.Business 257

A.5.Chemistry 258

A.6.Computer Science 258

A.7.Education 259

A.8.Environmental Sciences 259

A.11.History 260

A.9.Geography 260

A.10.Geology 260

A.12.Language and Literature 261

A.13.Law 262

A.14.Mathematics 262

A.15.Medicine 263

A.16.Music 263

A.17.Philosophy 263

A.18.Physics 264

A.19.Psychology 264

A.20.Religion 265

A.21.Science and Technology 265

A.22.Sociology 265

B.1.1.Documentation Notes versus the List of Works Cited and Parenthetical References 268

B.1.2.Note Numbers 268

B.1.Endnotes and Footnotes 268

Appendix B:Other Systems of Documentation 268

B.1.3.Note Form versus Bibliographic Form 269

B.1.4.Endnotes versus Footnotes 269

B.1.5.Sample First Note References:Books and Other Nonperiodical Publications 270

B.1.6.Sample First Note References:Articles and Other Publications in Periodicals 273

B.1.7.Sample First Note References:Miscellaneous Print and Nonprint Sources 276

B.1.8.Sample First Nore References:Electronic Publications 279

B.1.9.Subsequent References 284

B.2.Author-Date System 285

B.3.Number System 287

B.4.Specialized Style Manuals 288

Sample Pages of a Research Paper in MLA Style 291

Index 295