语言的范畴化 语言学理论中的类典型 英文版PDF电子书下载

1．The Categorization of Colour 1

1．1 Why colour terms? 2

1．2 Arbitrariness 5

1．3 An alternative approach：focal colours 8

Preface by Halliday 10

王宗炎序 11

Preface by Chomsky 14

1．4 Autonomous linguistics vs．cognitive linguistics 16

沈家煊序 21

2．The Classical Approach to Categorization 21

2．1 Aristotle 22

导读 24

2．2 The classical approach in linguistics：phonology 24

2．3 The classical approach in semantics 29

3．Prototype Categories：I 38

3．1 Wittgenstein 38

Preface 40

3．2 Prototypes：an alternative to the classical theory 40

Typographical Conventions 44

3．3 Basic level terms 46

3．4 Why prototype categories? 51

3．5 A note on fuzziness 54

3．6 Some applications 55

4．Prototype Categories：II 59

4．1 Prototypes 59

4．2 Prototypes and schemas 65

4．3 Folk categories and expert categories 68

4．4 Hedges 75

5．Linguistic and Encyclopaedic Knowledge 81

5．1 Domains and schemas 83

5．2 Frames and scripts 87

5．3 Perspectivization 90

5．4 Frames and scripts in language comprehension 91

5．5 Fake 92

5．6 Real 95

6．Polysemy and Meaning Chains 99

6．1 Monosemous and polysemous categories 99

6．2 An illustration：Climb 105

6．3 Over 109

6．4 Some problems 116

7．1 Metonymy 122

7．Category Extension：Metonymy and Metaphor 122

7．2 Metaphor 130

8．Polysemous Categories in Morphology and Syntax 142

8．1 The diminutive 144

8．2 The past tense 149

8．3 A note on yes-no questions 154

9．Polysemous Categories in Intonation 158

9．1 The problem of intonational meaning 158

9．2 The meanings of falling and rising tones 160

9．3 High key 168

10．Grammatical Categories 173

10．1 Words，affixes，and clitics 175

10．2 Grammatical categories 183

10．3 The semantic basis of grammatical categories 190

11．Syntactic Constructions as Prototype Categories 197

11．1 Constructions 198

11．2 The possessive genitive 202

11．3 The transitive construction 206

11．4 The transitive construction：more marginal members 210

11．5 Metaphorical extension of syntactic constructions 215

11．6 A comparison with German 218

11．7 Concluding remarks 220

12．Prototype Categories in Phonology 222

12．1 Phoneme categories 223

12．2 The gradience of phoneme categories 230

12．3 The syllable as a construction 234

13．The Acquisition of Categories 239

13．1 Hypothesized acquisition routes 240

13．2 Grammatical categories 243

13．3 Conceptual development 247

13．4 Word meanings 252

14．Recent Developments（1995） 257

14．1 Overview of prototypicality 258

14．2 Prototypes and basic level terms 261

14．3 Polysemy and the two-level approach 264

14．4 Two illustrations：in and round 271

14．5 Polysemy and the network model 281

14．6 The historical perspective 290

14．7 Epilogue：on zebras and quaggas 294

References 297

Index 311

文库索引 313