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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1

Division One Geography and People 2

Chapter One Position， Regions， Climate and Others 2

1. Position 2

2. Regions 3

3. Mountains 3

4. Rivers 4

5. Lakes 4

6. Climate 4

Chapter Two People and Localism 7

1. Population 7

2. Peoples 7

3. Character of the British People 11

Division Two Natural Resources and National Economy 14

Chapter one Natural Resources 14

1. Mineral Resources 14

2. Water Resources 15

Chapter Two National Economy 16

1. General Introduction 16

2. Management 17

3. Corporations 19

4. Manufacturing Industry 19

5. Agriculture 20

6. Foreign Trade 22

7. Finance 23

8. Main Cities 24

Division Three History and Social Development 29

Chapter One Early Foreign Invasions： Formation of the British Peo－ple （ 3000 B. C. —1066 A. D.） 29

1. The Iberians’ Settlement 29

2. The Celtic Conquest 30

3. The Roman Invasion 30

4. The Anglo－Saxon Conquest 31

5. The Danes’ Invasions 32

6. The Norman Conquest 33

Chapter Two Henry II’s Innovations and the Rule of Law 36

Chapter Three King， Church， Barons—Their relationship 38

Chapter Four The Decline of Feudalism in England 42

1. The Hundred Years’ War （ 1337—1453） 42

2. The Black Death （ 1348—1350） 43

3. Wat Tyler’ s Uprising （ 1381） 44

4. The Wars of the Roses （ 1455—1485） 46

Chapter Five The Tudor Monarchy and the Development of Capital－ism 48

1. The Tudor Monarchy （ 1485—1603） 48

2. The Enclosure Movement 49

3. The Religious Reformation 51

4. Overseas Adventures 52

Chapter Six The British Bourgeois Revolution （ 1640—1689） 55

1. Background 55

2. The Course of the Revolution and Its Results 57

Chapter Seven The Industrial Revolution and the Reforms in the 19th Century 63

1. Preconditions of This Revolution 63

2. The Process and Results of the Revolution 65

3. The Reforms after the Industrial Revolution 67

Chapter Eight The Rise and Decline of the British Empire 70

1. The Establishment of the British Empire 70

2. Two World Wars and Disintegration of British Empire 71

3. Modern Britain 74

Division Four Government and Politics 77

Chapter One The Constitution and the System of Government 77

Chapter Two Parliament 79

1. The Monarchy 79

2. The House of Lords 81

3. The House of Commons 83

4. Parliamentary System 87

Chapter Three Cabinet Government 90

Chapter Four Local Government 93

Chapter Five The Civil Servants 95

Chapter Six Political Parties 97

1. General Introduction 97

2. The Conservative Party 99

3. The Labor Party 101

4. The Common Grounds 102

Chapter Seven The Legal System 104

1. General Principles 104

2. The Police 104

3. Magistrates’ Courts 105

4. The Crown Courts 106

5. The Jury System 107

Division Five Social Life and Culture 108

Chapter One The Mass Media 108

1. Newspapers and Periodicals 108

2. Radio and Television 110

Chapter Two Religious Life 112

Chapter Three Incomes， Leisure and Public Holidays 114

1. Incomes 114

2. Leisure-time Activities 115

3. Public Holidays 116

Chapter Four Education 118

1. General Introduction 118

2. Secondary Education 119

3. Higher Education 122

Chapter five Social Welfare 125

The United States of America 128

Division One Geography and People 129

Chapter One Geography 129

1. Position and Regions 129

2. Mountains 134

3. Rivers 136

4. Lakes 136

5. Climate 137

Chapter Two People 139

1. Population 139

2. Peoples 139

3. The American Character 142

Division Two Natural Resources and National Economy 146

Chapter One Natural Resources 146

1. Water Resources 146

2. Forest Resources 146

3. Mineral Resources 147

Chapter Two The National Economy 148

1. Cause for the Economic Growth 148

2. Management 151

3. Manufacturing Industry 153

4. Farming Industry 154

5. Service Industry 155

6. Finance and Banking 155

7. Foreign Trade 156

8. Main Cities 157

Division Three History and Social Development 162

Chapter One Exploration and Colonization 162

1. The Natives 162

2. Explorations 163

3. Colonization 164

4. The Makings of a New Culture 169

Chapter Two The American Revolution： the Formation of the New Nation （ 1763—1789） 174

1. Background 174

2. Outbreak of the Revolution 179

3. The Formation of the New Nation 184

Chapter Three The United States from 1800 to 1850 190

1. The Jeffersonian Era and the War of 1812 190

2. Internal Development 192

3. Westward Expansion and Slavery 196

Chapter Four The Civil War： a Turning Point 198

1. The Antebellum Decade （ 1850—1860） 198

2. Outbreak of the War 200

3. The Evaluation of the War 203

4. Reconstruction （ 1865—1877） 204

Chapter Five The Emergency of Modern America 208

1. Economic Take-off 208

2. Political Paradox 212

Chapter Six The US in the 20th Century （ 1900—1945） 214

1. The Progressive Movement 214

2. The US Entry into the First World War 216

3. The Great Depression and the New Deal 219

4. The US and the Second World War 223

Chapter Seven The Postwar United States 227

1. The Cold War and America’s Postwar Foreign Policy 227

2. America’s Postwar Development 233

Division Four Government and Politics 241

Chapter One General Principles 241

Chapter Two The Federal Government 246

1. The Executive Branch 246

2. The Legislative Branch 250

3. The Judicial Branch 254

4. The Inter-Branch Relations 257

5. The Intergovernmental Relations 258

Chapter Three The Political Parties 261

1. Two-Party System 261

2. Two-Party System in History 262

3. The Democrats and the Republicans 263

4. The Main Characteristics 264

5. Third Parties 265

Division Five Social Life and Culture 267

Chapter One Mass Media 267

Chapter Two Education 271

1. The Primary Education 271

2. The Higher Education 273

Chapter Three American Society 276

1. The Family 276

2. Living Standards 278

3. The Other America 279

4. The Welfare System 284

5. Color Problem 285

Select Bibliography 290