最简句法入门 探究英语的结构PDF电子书下载

1 Grammar 1

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Traditional grammar 1

1.3 Universal Grammar 6

1.4 The Language Faculty 10

1.5 Principles of Universal Grammar 13

1.6 Parameters 16

1.7 Parameter-setting 21

1.8 Evidence used to set parameters 23

1.9 Summary 25

Workbook section 26

2 Words 33

2.1 Overview 33

2.2 Grammatical categories 33

2.3 Categorising words 38

2.4 Functional categories 40

2.5 Determiners and quantifiers 41

2.6 Pronouns 44

2.7 Auxiliaries 47

2.8 Infinitival to 49

2.9 Complementisers 52

2.10 Labelled bracketing 57

2.11 Grammatical features 58

2.12 Summary 60

Workbook section 62

3 Structure 66

3.1 Overview 66

3.2 Phrases 66

3.3 Clauses 71

3.4 Specifers 76

3.5 Intermediate and maximal projections 80

3.6 Testing structure 84

3.7 Syntactic relations 90

3.8 Bare phrase structure 94

3.9 Summary 96

Workbook section 98

4 Null constituents 106

4.1 Overview 106

4.2 Null subjects 106

4.3 Null auxiliaries 111

4.4 Null T in auxiliariless finite clauses 115

4.5 Null T in bare infinitive clauses 121

4.6 Null C in finite clauses 124

4.7 Null C in non-finite clauses 128

4.8 Defective clauses 131

4.9 Case properties of subjects 134

4.10 Null determiners 140

4.11 Summary 145

Workbook section 146

5 Head movement 151

5.1 Overview 151

5.2 T-to-C movement 151

5.3 Movement as copying and deletion 154

5.4 V-to-T movement 158

5.5 Head movement 162

5.6 Auxiliary raising 166

5.7 Another look at negation 170

5.8 Do-support 173

5.9 Head movement in nominals 178

5.10 Summary 181

Workbook section 183

6 Wh-movement 188

6.1 Overview 188

6.2 Wh-questions 188

6.3 Wh-movement as a copying operation 190

6.4 Wh-movement,EPP and the Attract Closest Principle 197

6.5 Explaining what moves where 202

6.6 Wh-subject questions 206

6.7 Pied-piping 211

6.8 Yes-no questions 220

6.9 Wh-exclamatives 222

6.10 Relative clauses 223

6.11 That-relatives 228

6.12 Summary 234

Workbook section 236

7 A-movement 241

7.1 Overview 241

7.2 Subjects in Belfast English 241

7.3 Quotatives and idioms 244

7.4 Argument structure 248

7.5 Thematic roles 250

7.6 Unaccusative predicates 254

7.7 Passive predicates 260

7.8 Long-distance passivisation 264

7.9 Raising 266

7.10 Comparing raising and control predicates 268

7.11 Summary 274

Workbook section 276

8 Agreement,case and movement 281

8.1 Overview 281

8.2 Agreement 281

8.3 Feature valuation 284

8.4 Uninterpretable features and feature-deletion 287

8.5 Expletive it subjects 291

8.6 Expletive there subjects 298

8.7 Agreement and A-movement 307

8.8 EPP in control infinitives 309

8.9 EPP in other infinitives 313

8.10 Summary 322

Workbook section 323

9 Split projections 327

9.1 Overview 327

9.2 Split CP:Force,Topic and Focus projections 327

9.3 Split CP:Finiteness projection 332

9.4 Split VPs:VP shells in ergative structures 336

9.5 VP shells in resultative,double-object and object-control structures 344

9.6 VP shells in transitive,unergative,unaccusative,raising and locative inversion structures 348

9.7 Transitive light verbs and accusative case assignment 356

9.8 Evidence for a further projection in transitive verb phrases 362

9.9 Extending the shell analysis to nominals 367

9.10 Summary 372

Workbook section 374

10 Phases 381

10.1 Overview 381

10.2 Phases 381

10.3 Intransitive and defective clauses 385

10.4 Wh-movement through spec-CP 388

10.5 Wh-movement through spec-vP in transitive clauses 391

10.6 Evidence for successive-cyclic wh-movement through spec-CP 394

10.7 Evidence for wh-movement through spec-vP in transitive clauses 401

10.8 The role of phases in lexical selection 407

10.9 Questions about phases 409

10.10 The nature of A-bar movement 419

10.11 Summary 426

Workbook section 427

Glossary and list of abbreviations 432

References 485

Index 498