英语语篇中的时态研究PDF电子书下载

1．Introduction 1

1.1 Background to the study　 3

1.2 The aim of the study and some related research questions　 4

1.3 Data collection　 5

1.4 The organization of the study　 6

2．Preliminaries 9

2.1 Introduction　 11

2.2 The definition of tense　 11

2.3 Types of tense　 12

2.4 Features of tense　 15

2.5 The relationship between tense and temporal circumstances　 16

2.6 The uplift of tense to the clause rank　 17

2.7 Basic principles and working rules　 18

2.8 The interpretation of the temporal order of events　 25

2.9 Summary　 27

3．Tense in finite paratactic clause complexes 29

3.1 Introduction　 31

3.2 Features of finite paratactic clause complexes　 32

3.3 Dominant-and-dependent tense relationships　 36

3.3.1 Tense relationships located in a past time　 36

3.3.1.1 Anteriority　 36

3.3.1.2 Simultaneity　 39

3.3.1.3 Posteriority　 42

3.3.2 Tense relationships located in a present or future time　 45

3.3.3 Tense relationships in the combination of parataxis and projection　 52

3.4 Independent tense phenomena　 57

3.4.1 Application of the reference time shifting rule　 57

3.4.2 Motivations for the application of the reference time modifying rule　 58

3.5 Interpretation of the temporal order between event times　 63

3.6 Summary　 68

4．Tense in non-finite clauses 71

4.1 Introduction　 73

4.2 Features and functions of non-finite clauses 74

4.3 Nature of verb forms in non-finite clauses　 78

4.3.1 Tense or aspect　 78

4.3.2 Tense rather than aspect　 81

4.3.3 Realization forms　 87

4.4 Tense relationships between non-finite and finite clauses　 98

4.5 Summary　 109

5．The secondary meaning of finite and non-finite verb forms:aspect 111

5.1 Introduction　 113

5.2 Aspect outside Systemic Functional Grammar　 114

5.3 Aspect inside Systemic Functional Grammar　 123

5.4 Aspect as a secondary meaning of verb forms　 129

5.4.1 Difference between the treatments of tense and aspect in the literature　 129

5.4.2 A further expanded tense model　 131

5.4.3 Aspect:another obligatory grammatical category　 132

5.5 Aspect and aspectual oppositions 147

5.6 Summary　 156

6．Modal uses of tense:grammatical meraphor 159

6.1 Introduction　 161

6.2 Grammatical metaphor　 162

6.2.1 Early understandings of grammatical metaphor　 162

6.2.2 Grammatical metaphor as variation in meaning as well　 169

6.2.3 The defining features of grammatical metaphor　 176

6.3 Modal uses of tense　 180

6.3.1 Occurrences of modal uses of tense　 180

6.3.2 Tense,time and modality　 184

6.3.3 Modal uses of tense:grammatical metaphor　 188

6.4 Summary　 200

7．Tense in different modes of discourse 201

7.1 Introduction　 203

7.2 Modes of discourse　 204

7.3 Tense selections in different modes of discourse　 209

7.3.1 Tense selections in Narrative　 210

7.3.2 Tense selections in Description　 218

7.3.3 Tense selections in Report　 226

7.3.4 Tense selections in Information　 234

7.3.5 Tense selections in Argument　 239

7.4 Temporal interpretation in different modes of discourse　 246

7.4.1 Temporal interpretation in Narrative　 247

7.4.2 Temporal interpretation in Description　 252

7.4.3 Temporal interpretation in Report,Information and Argu-ment 255

7.5 Progression in different modes of discourse　 259

7.6 Summary　 260

8．Conclusions 263

References 270