INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF CONFLICTSPDF电子书下载

PARTⅠ 1

1.Introduction&Elizabeth Wilmshurst 1

2.The Nature of War and the Character of Contemporary Armed Conflict&Steven Haines 9

1.Introduction 9

2.Clausewitz and the nature of war 10

2.1.Clausewitz and ‘New Wars’ theory 13

3.The changing characteristics of modern armed conflict 15

3.1.Regular warfare 16

3.1.1 A fourth generation of war？ 18

3.2.Irregular war 21

3.2.1 Insurrection， insurgency， guerilla （and urban guerilla） warfare 21

3.2.2 Complex irregular warfare 22

3.2.3 Advanced irregular warfare 23

3.2.4 Compound warfare 23

3.2.5 Hybrid warfare 23

3.2.6 Criminal warfare and insurgency 24

3.2.7 Terrorism 27

3.3.Cosmopolitan action 27

4.Conclusions 29

3.Classification of Armed Conflicts：Relevant Legal Concepts&Dapo Akande 32

1.Introduction 32

2.History of the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts 32

3.Consequences of the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts 34

4.Why does the distinction exist and should it be abolished？ 37

5.The scope of application of international humanitarian law：international armed conflicts 39

5.1.Inter-state conflict 39

5.1.1 War 39

5.1.2 Armed conflict 40

5.1.3 Occupation 44

5.2.Self-determination conflicts of national liberation under article 1（4） of Additional ProtocolⅠ 49

5.3.Recognition of belligerency 49

6.The scope of application of international humanitarian law：non-international armed conflicts 50

6.1.Common Article3 51

6.2.Additional ProtocolⅡ 54

6.3.A third threshold？ 56

7.Foreign intervention in non-international armed conflicts 56

7.1.Foreign intervention on the side of a non-state armed group against a State 57

7.2.Foreign intervention at the invitation （or with consent） of a State against a non-state armed group 62

7.3.Mixed conflicts 63

8.Intervention by multinational forces under UN command or authorized by the UN 64

9.Extraterritorial conflicts with non-state armed groups 70

4.Conflict Classification and the Law Applicable to Detention and the Use of Force&Jelena Pejic 80

1.Introduction 80

2.Applicable law-an overview 81

3.Detention in armed conflict 85

3.1.Internment in armed conflict： international armed conflict 86

3.1.1 POW internment 87

3.1.2 Internment of civilians 88

3.2.Internment in armed conflict： non-international armed conflict 90

3.2.1 Ways forward 95

3.3.Transfer of detainees 97

3.3.1 Ways forward 101

4.The use of force in armed conflict 102

4.1.Rules on the conduct of hostilities in armed conflict 104

4.1.1 Meaning of the term direct participation in hostilities’ 105

4.2.Use of force in occupied territory 108

4.3.Use of force under human rights law 110

5.Concluding remarks 115

PARTⅡ 117

5.Northern Ireland 1968-1998&Steven Haines 117

1.Introduction 117

2.General summary of the conflict 119

2.1.The rival forces 119

2.1.1 The Security Forces in Northern Ireland （SFNI） 120

2.1.2 Republican groups 121

2.1.3 Loyalist groups 122

2.2.Civil disturbances 1968—1971 123

2.3.Insurgency 1971—1974 124

2.4.Terrorism 1975—1994 127

2.5.Conflict resolution 1994—1998 129

3.Classification of the hostilities 130

3.1.Views of the parties and others on classification 130

3.1.1 The United Kingdom 130

3.1.2 PIRA 131

3.1.3 Others 131

3.2.Analysis of the classification 133

4.The application of force 137

4.1.The‘shoot to kill’controversy 138

5.Detention 139

5.1.Internment 139

5.2.Special category status 140

6.Other issues 141

6.1.Weapons issues 141

6.2.Interrogation 142

7.Conclusions 143

Chronology 144

6.The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993—2010&Louise Arimatsu 146

1.Introduction 147

2.The legacy of Colonialism and the Cold War：March1993—summer 1996 148

2.1.History 148

2.2.Classification of the conflict 151

2.2.1 Classification of the conflict by the parties and by others 151

2.2.2 Author’s classification 152

2.3.The use of force 154

2.4.Detention 155

2.5.Co-applicability of international humanitarian law and international human rights law 156

3.The First Congo War： from a global site of conflict to a regional one （July1996—July1998） 156

3.1.History 156

3.2.Classification of the conflict 160

3.2.1 Classification of the conflict by the parties and by others 160

3.2.2 Author’s classification 162

3.3.The use of force in armed conflict 164

3.4.Detention 164

3.5.The concurrent applicability of international human rights law 166

4.The Second Congo War： Africa’s World War （2 August1998—July2003） 167

4.1. History 167

4.2. Classification of the conflict 172

4.2.1 Classification of the conflict by the parties and by others 172

4.2.2 Author’s classification 176

4.3. Use of force 181

4.4. Detention 182

4.5. International human rights law 184

5. Transition or repetition？ （2003—2011） 185

5.1. History 185

5.2. Classification of the conflict 189

5.2.1 Classification of the conflict by the parties and by others 189

5.2.2 Author’s classification 189

5.3. The use of force 192

5.4. Detention 196

5.5. International human rights law 196

6. Conclusion： Framing the DRC within the law 197

6.1. Difficulties of classification 197

6.2. Use of force and detention 199

6.3. Looking to the future 200

Chronology 201

7. Colombia Felicity Szesnat and Annie&R.Bird 203

1. Introduction 203

2. Brief outline of the Colombian hostilities 204

2.1. The 1960s 205

2.2. The 1970s 206

2.3. The 1980s 206

2.4. Early 1990s to 2002 207

2.4.1 Paramilitary groups 208

2.5. 2002 to the present day 210

2.5.1 FARC and ELN 210

2.5.2 Paramilitary groups 211

2.5.3 The emergence of new armed groups 213

2.6. Effects of the armed conflict 214

3. Classification of the Colombian conflict by the relevant actors 214

3.1. Colombia 214

3.2. FARC 215

3.3. ELN 216

3.4. AUC 216

3.5. Other States 216

3.5.1 Ecuador 216

3.5.2 Venezuela 217

3.5.3 The US 218

3.6. Other institutions 219

4. Authors’classification of the Colombian conflict 220

4.1. Has the Colombian armed conflict been ‘internationalized’through the intervention of foreign States？ 220

4.2. Recognition of belligerency？ The case of FARC 221

4.3. The relationship between paramilitary groups and the Colombian government， as it affects the classification of the armed conflict 223

4.4. Can criminal violence ever qualify as an armed conflict？ 225

4.5. Classification of hostilities involving groups active in the Colombian armed conflict 226

5. Rules on opening fire 228

6. Rules on detention 230

7. Operation Phoenix 232

7.1. Classification of Operation Phoenix by the participants and others 233

7.1.1 Colombia 233

7.1.2 Ecuador 234

7.1.3 Responses by other States to Operation Phoenix 235

7.2. Authors’ classification of Operation Phoenix 236

7.3. Rules on opening fire in Operation Phoenix 237

7.4. Rules on detention in Operation Phoenix 238

8. Conclusions 239

Chronology 241

8. Afghanistan 2001—2010 Francoise&J.Hampson 242

1. Introduction 242

2. October 2011 to the installation of Hamid Karzai 244

2.1. Views of the parties on classification of the hostilities 245

2.1.1 Who were the parties？ 245

2.1.2 Classification of the conflict by the parties 249

2.2. Author’s view of the classification of the conflicts 251

3. The installation of Hamid Karzai to the present 252

3.1. Views of the parties as to classification of the conflicts 255

3.1.1 Operation Enduring Freedom （OEF） 255

3.1.2 ISAF 255

3.2. Author’s view of the classification of the conflicts 256

4. Rules on opening fire 258

5. Rules on detention 263

5.1. First phase of the conflicts：October 2001 -June 2002 263

5.2. Second phase of the conflicts： June 2002-present 265

5.3. Transfer 273

6. International human rights law 275

7. Conclusions 276

7.1. Classification 276

7.2. Consequences 277

7.3. In sum 278

Chronology 278

9. Gaza Iain&Scobbie 280

1. Introduction 280

2. Description of the situation 280

2.1. Background 280

2.2. Restrictions relating to Gaza 283

2.3. The aims of Hamas 285

3. The views of States and others on the classification of the conflict 286

3.1. Before disengagement （2000-2005） 287

3.1.1 Israel’s views 287

3.1.2 Hamas’views 289

3.2. Israel’s disengagement from Gaza （2005onwards） 290

3.2.1 Israel’s views 290

3.2.2 Hamas’views 292

3.2.3 Views of other States 293

3.3. Hamas’ accession to power in Gaza （2007） 294

4. Author’s analysis of the classification of the conflict（September 2000—March 2011） 295

4.1. Withdrawal of troops leading to termination of occupation？ 296

4.2. Inability to carry out obligations of occupier？ 297

4.3. Israel’s continuing control 298

4.4. A separate conflict with Hamas？ 301

5. Rules on application of force 305

6. Rules on capture and detention 308

7. Other significant problems of international humanitarian and human rights law 312

8. Conclusions 314

Chronology 315

10. South Ossetia （2008）&Philip Leach 317

1. Introduction 317

2. The hostilities 318

2.1. Historical context 318

2.2. Events of August 2008 320

2.2.1 The armed conflict 320

2.2.2 The ceasefire agreement 321

2.3. The aftermath of the conflict 322

2.3.1 The buffer zone 322

3. Views of the parties and others on conflict classification 326

3.1. Russia 326

3.2. Georgia 327

3.3. South Ossetia 328

3.4. Other parties 328

3.5. The International Independent Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia （the Tagliavini Report） 330

4. Author’s analysis of classification 330

4.1. International armed conflict 330

4.2. A concurrent，non-international armed conflict 332

4.3. The extent of Russian control over South Ossetia 334

4.4. Russia’s presence in South Ossetia 339

5. Use of force and detention 342

5.1. Domestic law on the use of force， on capture and detention，and other international humanitarian law problems 342

5.2. Treatment of detainees and other significant international humanitarian law problems 344

5.3. Detainees 346

5.4. Russia’s responsibilities as an occupying power 348

5.5. The Georgian law on occupied territories 350

6. Conclusions 351

6.1. Difficulties of classification 351

6.2. Consequences of classification for international humanitarian law 353

6.3. Application of human rights law 354

6.4. Impact of classification for application of the law 354

Chronology 355

11. Iraq （2003 onwards）&Michael N.Schmitt 356

1. Introduction 356

2. Classification of the conflict 358

2.1. PhaseⅠ： international armed conflict 358

2.1.1 Views of the parties and others 358

2.1.2 Author’s analysis of classification 359

2.2. PhaseⅡ：belligerent occupation 361

2.2.1 Views of the parties and others 361

2.2.2 Author’s analysis of classification 363

2.3. Phase Ⅲ： non-international armed conflict 367

2.3.1 Views of the parties and others 367

2.3.2 Author’s analysis of classification 369

3. Rules on capture and detention 375

4. Rules on use of force 380

5. Other significant problems of international humanitarian law 380

6. Conclusions 384

Chronology 386

12. Lebanon 2006&lain Scobbie 387

1. Introduction 387

1.1. Context 387

1.2. The initiation and conduct of the hostilities 390

2. The views of the relevant States and others on the classification of the conflict 392

2.1. Israel 392

2.2. Lebanon 394

2.3. Views expressed by other States in the Security Council and other fora 395

2.4. Official UN statements 398

3. Author’s analysis of the classification of the conflict 400

3.1. The conflict between Israel and Lebanon 402

3.2. The conflict between Israel and Hezbollah 408

4. The rules governing the application of force 410

5. Rules on capture and detention 413

6. Conclusions 417

6.1. Difficulties of classification 417

6.2. Whether classification had practical consequences 417

Chronology 419

13. The War （？） against Al-Qaeda&Noam Lubell 421

1. Introduction 421

2. Background to the hostilities 421

2.1. Al-Qaeda 424

3. Views of the parties and of others on conflict classification 428

3.1. The United States 428

3.2. Al-Qaeda and territorial States 430

3.3. Other States and entities 430

4. Author’s analysis of the classification （or existence） of the conflict 430

4.1. International armed conflict 431

4.2. Non-international armed conflict 434

4.3. Part of pre-existing armed conflict 437

4.4. New type of conflict 439

4.5. No armed conflict 441

5. Rules on application of force 441

6. Rules on detention 444

6.1. Guantanamo and formal detention 445

6.2. Secret detention and detention by proxy 446

7. Rules on other significant problems of international humanitarian law 447

7.1. Drones 447

7.2. Individual status 448

8. Conclusions 451

8.1. Difficulties of classification 451

8.2. Consequences of classification for international humanitarian law 452

8.3. Application of human rights law 453

8.4. Impact of classification for application of the law 454

14. Classification in Future Conflict&Michael N.Schmitt 455

1. Introduction： understanding future conflict 455

2. Cyber warfare 457

3. Transnational terrorism 464

4. Complex battlespaces 469

5. Law’s influence on future conflict 473

6. Conclusions 477

PARTⅢ 478

15. Conclusions&Elizabeth Wilmshurst 478

1. Introduction 478

2. Case studies： problems of classification 478

2.1. Non-international armed conflict 480

2.2. Issues of recognition 483

2.3. Extraterritorial operations against non-state groups 483

2.4. Occupation and hostilities within an occupation 484

2.5. Operations established or authorized by the UN Security Council 486

2.6. Attribution 488

2.7. Mixed or parallel conflicts 489

2.8. Geography 490

3. Case studies： the legal and practical consequences of classification 490

3.1. Few or no consequences 491

3.2. The consequences of classification for the application of force，detention， and other issues of international humanitarian law and international criminal law 493

3.2.1 Application of force 493

3.2.2 Detention 495

3.2.3 International human rights law 496

3.2.4 International criminal law 498

4. Conclusions 499

Index 505