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European Culture:An Introduction
European Culture:An Introduction

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  • 电子书积分:16 积分如何计算积分?
  • 作 者:王佐良等主编
  • 出 版 社:外语教学与研究出版社
  • 出版年份:1992
  • ISBN:
  • 页数:523 页
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《European Culture:An Introduction》目录
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Introduction 1

1. Uses of the Subject 1

2. Two Major Elements in European Culture 1

DIVISION ONEGREEK CULTURE AND ROMAN CULTURE 2

Ⅰ. Greek Culture 2

1. The Historical Context 2

2. Social and Political Structure 3

3. Homer 3

4. Lyric Poetry 13

5. Drama 14

a. Aeschylus (525—456 B.C.) 14

b. Sophocles (496—406 B.C.) 17

c. Euripides (484—406 B.C.) 18

d. Comedy 18

6. History 19

a. Herodotus (484—430 B.C.) 19

b. Thucydides (about 460—404 B.C.) 20

7. Philosophy and Science 22

a. Socrates 23

b. Plato 26

c. Aristotle 27

d. Contending Schools of Thought 29

e. Science 31

8. Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery 32

a. Art 32

b. Architecture 32

c. Sculpture 33

i. Discus Thrower 33

ii. Venus de Milo 34

iii. Laocoon group about 125 B. C 34

d. Pottery 34

9. Impact 35

a. Spirit of Innovation 35

b. Supreme Achievement 35

c. Lasting Effect 36

Question for Revision 36

Ⅱ.Roman Culture 37

1..Romans and Greeks 37

2. Roman History 38

3. Latin Literature 39

a. Prose 40

i. Marcus Tullius Cicero (106—43 B.C.) 40

ii. Julius Caesar (102/100?—44 B.C.) 42

b. Poetry 43

i. Lucretius (about 93—50 B.C.) 43

ii. Virgil (70—19 B.C.) 44

4. Architecture, Painting and Sculpture 47

a. Architecture 47

i. The Pantheon 47

ii. Pont du Gard 48

iii. The Colosseum 48

b. Painting 48

c. Sculpture 48

i. Constantine the Great 48

ii. Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem (81 A. D. ) 48

iii. She-wolf 49

Questions for Revision 49

DIVISION TWOTHE BIBLE AND CHRISTIANITY 51

Ⅰ. General Introduction 51

Ⅱ. The Old Testament 52

1.The Pentateuch 52

a. The Fall of Man 53

b. Noah's Ark 56

c. Ten Commandments 60

2. The Historical Books 62

3. The Poetical Books 63

a. Book of Job 63

b. Book of Psalms 64

c. Proverb 66

d.Ecclesiastes 68

e.Song of Solomon 68

4.The Prophets 70

a.Amos 70

b.Jeremiah (about 650—570 B.C. ) 71

c.The Book of Daniel 72

Ⅲ.Rise of Christianity 73

1.The Life of Jesus 74

2.The Spread of Christianity 75

Ⅳ.The New Testament 77

1.The Birth of Jesus 78

2.Jesus Is Tempted by the Devil 79

3.The Sermon on the Mount 79

4.The Last Supper 81

5.The Crucifixion 83

Ⅴ.Translations of the Bible 86

Questions for Revision 89

DIVISION THREETHE MIDDLE AGES 91

Ⅰ.General Introduction 91

Ⅱ.Manor and Church 92

1.Feudalism 92

a.Growth of Feudalism 92

b.The Manor 93

c.Knighthood and Code of Chivalry 94

2.The Church 95

a.The Organization of Church 95

b.Church Fathers and Early Monasticism 96

c.The Power and Influence of the Catholic Church 98

3.The Crusades 99

Ⅲ.Learning and Science 101

1.Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance 101

2.Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning 102

3.St.Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism 102

4.Roger Bacon and Experimental Science 103

Ⅳ.Literature 105

1.National Epics 105

a.Beowulf (700—750 A. D. ) 105

b.Song of Roland (about the 12th century A. D. ) 111

2.Dante Alighieri and The Diuine Comedy 118

3.Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales 123

Ⅴ.Art and Architecture 126

1.Romanesque 126

2.Gothic 127

Questions for Revision 127

DIVISION FOURRENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 129

Ⅰ.General Introduction 129

Ⅱ.Renaissance in Italy 130

1.Historical Background 130

2.The Rise of Humanism 131

3.New Literature 132

a.Giovanni Boccaccio (1313—1375) 132

b.Francesco Petrarch (1304—1374) 133

4.Renaissance Art 135

a.Early Renaissance Artists 136

i.Giotto (about 1266—1337) 136

ii.Filippo Brunelleschi (1377—1446) 137

iii.Donatello (1386—1466) 137

iv.Giorgione (Giorio de Castelfranco,about 1477—1510) 137

b.High Renaissance Artists 138

i.Leonardo da Vinci (1452—1519) 138

ii.Michelangelo Buonarroti 139

iii.Raphael (Raffaello Sancio, 1483—1520) 141

iv.Titian (about 1488—1576) 141

5.Decline of the Italian Renaissance 142

Ⅲ.Reformation and Counter-Reformation 143

1.Pre-Luther Religious Reformers 144

a.John Wycliffe (about 1330—1384) 144

b.Jan Hus (1372—1415) 144

2.Martin Luther (1483—1546) and His Doctrines 145

a.Beginning of the Reformation 145

b.Translation of the Bible 145

c.Gospel of Love and Idea of Equality 146

3.John Calvin (1509—1564) and Calvinism 147

4.Reformation in England 147

5.Counter-Reformation 149

a.Council of Trent 149

b.Ignatius and the Jesuits 150

6.Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism 151

7.Conclusion 152

Ⅳ.Renaissance in Other Countries 153

1.Renaissance in France 154

a.Historical Background 154

b.Renaissance Writers in France 154

i.Francois Rabelais (about 1483—1553) 154

ii.Pleiade 156

iii.Michel Eyques de Montaigne (1533—1592) 156

2.Renaissance in Spain 161

a.Historical Background 161

b.Literature 162

Miguel de Cervantes (1547—1616) 162

c.Art 165

El Greco (1541—1614) 165

3.Renaissance in the North 166

a.Renaissance in the NetherlandsErasmus (about 1466?—1536) 166

b.Renaissance in FlandersPieter Bruegel (the Elder) (about 1525—1569) 167

c.Renaissance in Germany 168

i.Albrecht Durer (1471—1528) 168

ii.Hans Holbein (the Younger) 169

4.Renaissance in England 169

a.Historical Background 169

b.Thomas More (1477—1535) 170

c.William Shakespeare (1564—1616) 176

Ⅴ.Science and Technology during the Renaissance 179

1.Geographical Discoveries 180

a.Christopher Columbus (1451—1506) 180

b.Bartholomeu Dias (1466?—1500) 180

c.Vasco da Gama (about 1460—1524) 180

d.Amerigo Vespucci (1457—1512) 180

2.Astronomy 181

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473—1543) 181

3.Anatomy 181

a.Leonardo da Vinci (1452—1519) 181

b.Andreas Vesalius ( 1514—1564) 181

4.Printing 181

Aldus Manutius (1450—1515) 181

5.Political Science and Historiography 182

a.Dante (1265—1321 ) 182

b.Niccol6 Machiavelli (1469—1527) 182

c.Giorgio Vosari (1511—1574) 183

Ⅵ.Summing-up 183

Questions for Revision 184

DIVISION FIVETHE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 186

Ⅰ.General Introduction 186

Ⅱ.Science 187

1. From Copernicus to Kepler 187

2.Galileo Galilei (1564—1642) 190

3.Sir Isaac Newton (1642—1727) 193

4.Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646—1716) 194

5.Invention of New Instruments 195

6.Two Merits Shared by the Great Scientistsof the 17th Century 196

Ⅲ.Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England 196

1.Francis Bacon (1561—1626) 196

2.Thomas Hobbes (1588—1679) 200

a.Hobbes's Materialist Views 200

b.The Natural State of War 201

c.The Laws of Nature 202

d.The Theory of the Social Contract 203

3.John Locke (1632—1704) 204

a.Locke's Materialist Views 204

b.Locke's Political Philosophy 205

c.The Social Contract 206

4.John Milton and the English Revolution 208

Ⅳ.Descartes; French Classicism 213

1.Rene Descartes (1596—1650) 213

a.The Method of Cartesian Doubt 214

b.Descartes's Theory of Knowledge 215

c.Innate Ideas 215

d.Descartes's Dualism 216

2.French Classicism 217

a.Pierre Corneille (1606—1684) 218

b.Jean Racine (1637—1699) 221

c.Moliere (1622—1673) 223

Ⅴ.Art 225

1. Baroque Art 225

a.Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598—1680) 225

b.Michelangelo Caravaggio (1573—1610) 225

c.Francesco Borromini (1599—1667) 226

d.Peter Paul Rubens (1577—1640) 226

e.Diego Velazquez (1599—1660) 227

2.Dutch Protestant Art 227

Van Rijn Rembrandt (1606—1669) 227

3.Art and Architecture in France 228

4.Music 229

Questions for Revision 229

DIVISION SIXTHE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 231

Ⅰ.General Introduction 231

1.Enlightenment 231

2.Historical Context 233

Ⅱ.French Philosophy and Literature 235

1.Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu (1689—1755) 235

a.Persian Letters (1721) 235

b.The Spirit of the Laws (1748) 235

2.Voltaire (pseudonym of Jean Franicois Arouet,1694—1778) 239

a.Lettres Anglaise (also circulated as LettresPhilosophiques) (1739) 240

b.Candide (1758) 240

3.Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712—1778) 241

a.The Origin of Human Inequality (1755) 241

b.The New Heloise (1761) 241

c.Emile, or On Education (1762) 242

d.The Social Contract (1762) 242

e.The Confessions (1764—1770) 242

4.Denis Diderot (1713—1784) 243

a.Philosophical Thoughts (1746) 243

b.Letters on the Blind (1749) 243

c.Encyclopedie (1751) 243

d.Elements of Physiology (1774—1780) 243

e.Rameau's Nephew (1761—1774) 244

Ⅲ.English Literature 248

1.Alexander Pope (1688—1744) 248

a.Essay on Criticism (1711) 248

b.The Rape of the Lock (1712—1714) 248

c.Dunciad (1728) 249

d.Essay on Man (1733—1734) 249

2.Daniel Defoe (1660—1731) 250

3.Jonathan Swift (1667—1745) 251

a.A Modest Proposal 251

b.Gulliuer's Trauels ( Trauels into Seueral RemoteNations of the Worldby Lemuel Gulliuer) (1726) 252

4.Samuel Richardson (1689—1761) 252

5.Henry Fielding (1707—1754) 252

6.Samuel Johnson (1709—1784) 253

7.Journalism and the Periodical Essay 253

Ⅳ.German Literature and Philosophy 255

1.Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729—1781) 255

a.Minna uon Barnhelm (1767) 255

b.Nathan the Wise (1779) 256

c.Laocoon (1766) 256

d.Hamburgische Dramaturgie 256

2.Wolfgang von Goethe (1749—1832) 257

a.The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) 257

b.Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795—1796) 257

c.Wilhelm Meister's Trauels (1821—1829) 257

d.Faust (part I , 1808; part 1 , 1832) 258

e.Poetry and Truth (1811—1831) 258

3.Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (1759—1805) 264

a.The Robber (1781) 265

b.Cabal and Loue (1784) 265

c.Wallenstein (1798 and 1799) 265

d.Wilhelm Tell (1804) 265

4.Immanuel Kant (1724—1804) 268

a.General History of.Nature and Theoryof the Heauens (1755) 268

b.Critique of Pure Reason 268

c.Critique of Practical Reason 269

d.Critique of Judgment 269

Ⅴ.Art 270

1.Rococo Art 270

2.Typical Works and Major Artists 271

a.Salon de la Princesse, IHI6tel de Soubise 271

b.Rococo Painters 272

i.Antoine Watteau (1684—1721) 272

ii.Francois Boucher (1703—1770) 272

Ⅵ. Music 272

1.The Musical Enlightenment 272

a.Johann Sebastian Bach (1685—1750) 273

b.George Friderick Handel (1685—1759) 274

2.The Classical Period 275

a.Joseph Haydn (1732—1809) 277

b.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756—1791) 278

Questions for Revision 281

DIVISION SEVENROMANTICISM 284

Ⅰ.General Introduction 284

1.What is Romanticism? 284

2.Two Revolutions 286

Ⅱ.Romanticism in Germany 287

1.Goethe (1749—1832) and Schiller (1759—1805) 287

2.Schlegel Brothers (the Jena School) 288

3.Heinrich Heine (1797—1856) 288

Ⅲ.Romanticism in England 290

1.William Blake (1757-1827) 290

2.The Lakers - Wordsworth and Coleridge 292

3.George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) 294

4.Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) 296

5.John Keats (1795-1821) 298

6.Walter Scott ( 1771-1832) 299

Ⅳ.Romanticism in France 300

1.Chateaubriand (1768-1848) 300

2.Victor Hugo (1802-1885) 302

3.George Sand (1804-1876) 305

Ⅴ.Romanticism in Italy 306

1.Alessandro Manzoni (1785-1873) 306

2.Giacomo Leopardi (1798-1837) 307

Ⅵ.Romanticism in Russia 311

1.Aleksander Pushkin (1799-1837) 311

2.Mikhail Y. Lermontov (1814-1841) 314

Ⅶ.Romanticism in Poland 315

Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855) 315

Ⅶ.Concluding Remarks - A True Movement 319

Ⅸ.Art and Architecture 320

1.Paintings 320

a.Goya (1746-1828) 321

b.David (1748—1825) 322

c.Delacroix (1798—1863) 323

d.Gericault (1791—1824) 324

e.Turner (1775—1851) 324

f.John Constable (1776—1837) 325

2.Architecture 325

Ⅹ.Music 325

1.The Early Romantics 326

a.Ludwig van Beethoven (1770—1827) 326

b.Franz Schubert (1797—1828) 329

c.Frederic Chopin (1810—1849) 330

d.Robert Schumann (1810—1856) 331

e.Felix Mendelssohn (1809—1847) 332

2 The Later Romantics — Middle of the 19th Century 333

a Johannes Brahms (1833—1897) 334

b Peter Ilitch Tchaikovsky (1840—1893) 335

DIVISION EIGHTMARXISM AND DARWINISM 339

Ⅰ The Rise of Marxism 339

1 General Introduction 339

2 Historical Background 339

3 The Three Sources and Three Component Parts ofMarxism 340

a German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy 340

i Hegelian dialectics 340

ii Feuerbach's matealism 341

iii Marxist philosophy 341

iv Marxist historical materialism 349

b English Classical Political Economy andMarxist Political Economy 351

c Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism 353

i Robert Owen (1771—1858) 354

ii Henri de Saint-Simon (1760—1825) 354

iii Charles Fourier (1772—1837) 354

4 Marx and Literature 362

5.Summing-up 365

Ⅱ.Darwinism 366

1.General Introduction 366

2.Ideas of Evolution Before Darwin 367

a.Jean-Baptiste de Monet Lamarck (1744—1829) 367

b.Sir Charles Lyell (1797—1875) 368

c.Karl Marx (1818—1883) 368

3.Life of Charles Darwin (1809—1882) 368

4.Darwin's Works and Theories 370

a.On the Origin of Species by Means of NaturalSelection , or the Preseruation of Fauoured Races in the Struggle for Life 370

b.The Descent of Man 373

5.Effects of Darwinism 373

a.On Biology 373

b.On Theology 373

c.On Social Science 374

DIVISION NINEREALISM 375

Ⅰ. General Introductiono 375

1.What Is Realism? 375

2.The Historical Background 377

Ⅱ Realism in France 378

1.Stendhal (pen name of Marie Henri Beyle, 1783—1842) 378

2.Honore de Balzac (1799—1850) 380

3.Gustave Flaubert (1821—1880) 385

4.Emile Zola (1840—1902) 388

5.Guy de Maupassant (1850—1893) 390

Ⅲ Realism in Russia 391

1.Nikolai Gogol (1809—1852) 392

2.Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1818—1883) 393

3.FyodorDostoyevsky (1821—1881) 394

4.Count Leo Tolstoy (1828—1910) 396

5.Anton Pavlovi ch Chekhov (1860—1904) 403

Ⅳ.Realism in Northern Europe 407

1.Henrik Ibsen (1828—1906) 407

2.August Strindberg (1849—1912) 416

Ⅴ.Realism in England 417

1.Charles Dickens (1812—1870) 417

2.George Eliot (pen name of Mary Ann Evans,1819—1880) 420

3.William Makepeace Thackeray (1811—1863) 421

4.Thomas Hardy (1840—1928) 425

5.George Bernard Shaw (1856—1950) 426

Ⅵ.Realism in the United States 427

1.Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811—1896) 427

2.Walt Whitman (1819—1892) 428

3.Mark Twain (pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,1835—1910) 433

4.Henry James (1843—1916) 434

Ⅵ.Art 435

1. Realism in Art 435

a.Gustave Courbet (1819—1877) 435

b.Jean-Francois Millet (1814—1875) 436

2.Impressionism in Art 436

a.Edouard Manet (1832—1883) 437

b.Claude Monet (1840—1926) 438

c.Camille Pissarro (1830—1903) 438

d.Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841—1919) 439

e.Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas (1834—1917) 439

3.Post-Impressionism 440

a.Paul Cezanne (1839—1906) 440

b.Vincent van Gogh (1853—1890) 441

c.Paul Gauguin (1848—1903) 441

4.Sculpture 442

5.Architecture 442

Ⅶ.Music at the Turn of the Centu 443

1.Antonin Dvofak (1841—1904) 444

2.Claude Debussy (1862—1918) 444

Questions for Revision 445

DIVISION TENMODERNISM AND OTHER TRENDS 446

Ⅰ.General Introduction 446

1.Modernism Defined 446

2.Historical Context 447

3.Progress in Science 448

4.New Ideas and Thoughts 449

a.The Unconscious 449

b.Id, Ego, Superego 450

c.Oedipus Complex 450

Ⅱ. Contemporary Western Literature Before 1945 451

1. English Literature451a. T. S. Eliot ( 1888—1965) 451

b.Joseph Conrad (1857—1924) 455

c.Virginia Woolf (1882—1941) 456

d.David Herbert Lawrence (1885—1930) 461

2.Irish Literature 462

a.William Butler Yeats (1865—1939) 462

b.James Joyce (1882—1941) 463

3.American Literature 467

a.Ezra Pound (1885—1972) 467

b.William Faulkner (1897—1962) 469

c.Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961) 470

4.German Literature 475

Thomas Mann (1875—1955) 475

5.French Literature 475

a.Andre Gide (1869—1951) 475

b.Marcel Proust (1871—1922) 476

c.Albert Camus (1913—1960) 477

6.Russian and Soviet Literature 478

a.Maksim Gorky (1868—1936) 478

b.Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (1905—1984) 478

Ⅲ.Literature and Philosophy Since 1945 479

1.Angry Young Men in England 479

a.Kingsley Amis (1922—1995) 480

b.John Osborne (1929—1994) 480

2.Beat Generation in America 483

a.Allen Ginsberg (1926—1997) 483

b.Jack Kerouac (1922—1969) 485

3.Nouveau Roman (New Novel) 485

a.Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922— ) 486

b.Nathalie Sarraute (1902— ) 486

4.Existentialism 487

Jean-Paul Sartre (1905—1980) 487

5.The Theatre of the Absurd 488

a.Samuel Beckett (1906—1989) 488

b.Eugene lonesco (1912—1994) 492

6.Black Humour 492

Joseph Heller (1923—1999) 492

Ⅳ.Art and Music 495

1.Art 495

a.Fauvism 497

i.Henri Matisse (1869—1954) 497

ii.Andre Derain (1880—1954) 497

b.Expressionism 498

i.Emil Nolde (1867—1956) 498

ii.George Grosz (1893—1959) 498

iii.Max Beckmann (1884—1950) 499

iv.Paul Klee (1879—1940) 499

v.Wassily Kandinsky (1866—1944) 499

c.Cubism 500

i.Pablo Picasso (1881—1973) 500

ii.Georges Braque (1882—1963) 501

d.Futurism 502

Umberto Boccioni (1882—1916) 502

e.Dadaism 502

i.Marcel Duchamp (1887—1968) 503

ii.Max Ernst (1891—1976) 503

f.Surrealism 504

i.Salvador Dali (1904—1989) 504

ii.Joan Miro (1893—1983) 504

g.Abstract Expressionism 505

Jackson Pollock (1912—1956) 505

2.Sculpture 505

a.Henry Moore (1898—1986) 505

b.Constantine Brancusi (1876—1957) 506

3.Music 506

a.Arnold Schoenberg (1874—1951) 508

b.Igor Stravinsky ( 1882—1971) 509

c.Bela Bartok (1881—1945) 510

d.Dmitry Shostakovich (1906—1973) 510

Questions for Revision 511

Select Bibliography. 参考书目 513

瓯洲与中国:大事对照简表 517

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