英语写作句子、段落、篇章PDF电子书下载

Part One A General Introduction to English Writing 1

Ⅰ Writing in Our World 2

Ⅱ Types of Writing 3

1 Narration 4

2 Description 6

3 Exposition 9

Ⅲ Writing Well in English 20

1 Following the English Thought Pattern 20

2 Seeking Clarity,Brevity,and Variety 23

3 Considering Our Purpose and Our Audience's Usage Levels 26

Part Two From Sentence to Paragraph 33

Ⅰ Sentence Structure 34

1 Elements of a Sentence 35

2 Kinds of Sentences 39

3 Clause Connectors 41

4 Coordination and Subordination 44

5 Parallelism 51

Ⅱ Paragraph Structure 56

1 The Basic Paragraph 57

2 Four Elements of the Paragraph 57

3 Mechanics in Writing a Paragraph 59

Ⅲ Basic Paragraph-Building Skills 63

1 Taking Three Pre-Writing Steps 63

2 Making Our Topic Sentence a Helpful Guide 66

3 Loading Our Topic Sentence with a Strong Controlling Idea 83

4 Writing a Helpful Outline in Advance 89

5 Gaining Unity 100

6 Gaining Coherence from Logical Order 107

7 Gaining Coherence from Transitions 114

8 Gaining Better Unity and Coherence from Punctuation 125

Ⅳ Sentence Problems 153

1 Sentence Fragments 153

1)Fragments Without Verbs 153

2)Fragments Without Subjects 154

3)Fragments Without Subjects and/or Verbs 154

4)Fragments of Dependent Clauses 155

2 Choppy Sentences 157

3 Run-Together Sentences 157

4 Stringy Sentences 159

5 Confusing Shifts 161

1)Confusing Shifts in Person 161

2)Confusing Shifts in Tense 162

3)Confusing Shifts in Subject and Voice 163

4)Confusing Shifts in Mood or Speech 164

5)Confusing Shifts in Number 164

6)Mixed Sentence Construction 165

6 Incomplete Constructions 167

1)Careless Omissions 167

2)Incomplete Comparisons 168

7 Ambiguous Pronoun Reference 170

1)A Pronoun with Two or More Possible Antecedents 170

2)A Pronoun Without a Clearly Expressed Antecedent 171

3)The Pronouns It,They,and You with Indefinite Antecedents 171

4)The Pronouns This,That,and Which Referring to General Ideas 172

5)A Pronoun Too Far Away from Its Antecedent 173

8 Dangling Modifiers 174

1)Dangling Participial Modifiers 174

2)Dangling Gerunds in Prepositional Phrases 175

3)Dangling Infinitive Modifiers 176

4)Dangling Abbreviated Clauses 177

9 Misplaced Modifiers 178

1)Misplaced Prepositional Phrases 179

2)Misplaced Adjective Clauses 179

3)Misplaced Adverbial Modifiers 180

10 Wordiness 182

1)Needless Repetition 182

2)Needless Expansion 183

3)Awkward Clichés 184

4)Overwritten Style 184

Part Three From Paragraph to Theme 187

Ⅰ Introduction 188

Ⅱ Three Kinds of Paragraph 189

1 The Introductory Paragraph 190

2 The Body Paragraph 198

3 The Concluding Paragraph 203

Ⅲ Basic Theme-Building Skills 206

1 Getting the Theme Well-Unified with an Effective Thesis Statement 207

2 Getting the Theme Coherent with Transitions Between Paragraphs 212

3 Developing the Theme Under the Guidance of a Well-Organized Outline 218

1)Theme of Process in Time Order 224

2)Theme of Description in Order of Importance 231

3)Theme of Classification in Order of Importance 234

4)Theme of Comparison and Contrast in Order of Importance 236

5)Theme of Cause and Effect in Order of Importance 237

6)Theme of Exemplification in Time Order,or Order of Importance 241

Ⅳ Sample Themes Observed 245

Part Four Summary and Book Report 259

Ⅰ Summary Writing 260

Ⅱ Book Report Writing 270

Correction Symbols 274

Partial Answers to Exercises 275

Bibliography 284