欧洲文明简史 从上古时代到现代初期PDF电子书下载

Part Ⅰ Ancient World 4

Chapter 1 Civilizations in the Ancient Near East1．Introduction 4

2．Civilization in Mesopotamia 5

2.1 Brief history of Mesopotamia 6

2.2 The Cultural Achievements of Mesopotamia 11

3．Ancient Egyptian Civilization 15

3.1 Egypt:"The Gift of the Nile" 15

3.2 A Brief History of Ancient Egypt 17

3.3 Ancient Egyptian Culture and Society 18

4．The Hebrews:History and Religion 24

4.1 "The Children of Israel":A Brief History 25

4.2 Israelite Religion:Judaism 27

5．Conclusion 29

Exercises 30

Chapter 2 Greek Civilization 33

1．Introduction 33

2．History of the Ancient Greeks 34

2.1 Early Greece 35

2.2 The Dark Age(1200—50 BC) 38

2.3 The Archaic Period(750—500 BC) 38

2.4 The Classical Period(500—338 BC) 45

2.5 The Hellenistic Period(323—31 BC) 51

3．Cultural Achievements of the Ancient Greeks 54

3.1 Religion and Mythology 55

3.2 Philosophy 57

3.3 Science 61

3.4 Literature 62

3.5 Historiography 66

3.6 Art 68

4．Conclusion 72

Exercises 73

Chapter 3 Roman Civilization:from A City to An Empire1．Introduction 77

2．Rome:from Republic to Empire 78

2.1 The First Romans and Their Neighbors 79

2.2 The Roman Republic(509—31 BC) 81

2.3 Roman Expansion 86

2.4 The Collapse of the Roman Republic(133—31 BC) 90

2.5 The Early Empire(31 BC—180 AD) 92

3．Roman Culture 96

3.1 Government 96

3.2 Evolution of Roman Law 97

3.3 Roman Engineering and Architecture 98

3.4 Literature 100

3.5 Historiography 103

3.6 Sculpture and Painting 103

3.7 Science 104

4．Conclusion 105

Exercises 108

Chapter 4 Decline of the Roman Empire and Rise of Christianity1．Introduction 111

2．The Crisis of the Empire 113

2.1 The Flawed Imperial Political System 114

2.2 Crisis of the Slave Economy 116

2.3 The Culture of Bread and the Circus 119

3．The Empire Reorganized 122

3.1 Dividing the Empire 122

3.2 The Reign of Constantine(312—395) 124

4．Transformation of the Roman World:the Development of Christianity 125

4.1 Imperial Roman Religious Beliefs 126

4.2 Jews under Roman Rule 128

4.3 The Career of Jesus 128

4.4 The Rise of Christianity 132

4.5 The New Contours of Fourth-Century Christianity 135

5．Transformation of the Roman World:the Germanic Invasion 138

5.1 Early German-Roman Relationship 138

5.2 The Rise of German Kingdoms and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire 142

6．Conclusion 145

Exercises 147

Part Ⅱ The Medieval World 153

Chapter 5 The Early Middle Ages(500—1000) 153

1．Introduction 153

2．The Byzantine Empire 154

2.1 The Reign of Justinian(rule 527—565) 155

2.2 Economy and Society in Byzantium 158

2.3 Byzantine Culture 160

2.4 What Made the Byzantine Empire Strong 163

3．The Rise of Islam 165

3.1 Arabia Before Muhammad 166

3.2 The Founding of Islam 167

3.3 The Religious Teachings of Islam 168

3.4 Conquest of Islam 169

3.5 Economy of the Islamic Empire 171

3.6 Islamic Culture 172

4．The Western Christian World 175

4.1 The Rise of the Frankish Empire 176

4.2 The Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire 179

4.3 Early England 180

4.4 Ninth-Century Invasions 181

4.5 Economy and Society in the Early Middle Ages 182

4.6 Culture in the Christian West 185

5．Conclusion 187

Exercises 188

Chapter 6 The Central Middle Ages(1000—1300) 192

1．Introduction 192

2．Economic Takeoff and Social Change 193

2.1 Agricultural Revolution and Rural Society 194

2.2 The Rise of Trade and Towns 198

3．The Church Triumphant 204

3.1 The Centralized Structure of the Medieval Church 205

3.2 Unifying the Church's Theological Doctrine 208

3.3 Christian Conquests and the Crusades 209

4．The Emergence and Growth of National Monarchies 216

4.1 England 217

4.2 Capetian France(987—1314) 219

4.3 The Land of the Holy Roman Empire:Germany and Italy 220

5．Intellectual Revival and Cultural Development 225

5.1 Education and the Rise of Universities 225

5.2 Philosophy and Theology 227

5.3 Science 228

5.4 Literature 229

5.5 Art 232

6．Conclusion 235

Exercises 236

Chapter 7 Crisis in Late Medieval Western Europe(1300—1500)1．Introduction 241

2．Economic Crisis and Recovery 242

2.1 Agricultural Failure and Great Famine 243

2.2 The Black Death 244

2.3 A New Economic Equilibrium Out of the Depression 246

3．Social Crisis and Popular Unrest 248

3.1 Revolts in the Rural Areas 248

3.2 Revolts in the Cities 250

4．Political Crisis and Recovery 251

4.1 The Hundred Years'War 251

4.2 Political Crisis and Recovery 256

5．The Crisis of the Western Christian Church 260

5.1 The Babylonian Captivity 261

5.2 The Western Schism(1378—1417) 263

5.3 Religious Protest 264

6．Conclusion 267

Exercises 268

Part Ⅲ Transition from Middle Ages to Early Modern EraChapter 8 Renaissance(1350—1600)1．Introduction 275

2．The States of Northern Italy 277

2.1 Milan 277

2.2 Venice 278

2.3 Florence 279

3．Italian Renaissance Culture 280

3.1 Italian Renaissance:Humanism at a Glance 281

3.2 Italian Intellectual Renaissance:Literature and Thought 282

3.3 Italian Renaissance Art 285

4．Northern Renaissance 293

4.1 Northern Christian Humanism 293

4.2 Northern Renaissance Literature 296

4.3 Northern Renaissance Art 299

5．Scientific Accomplishments 301

6．Conclusion 303

Exercises 305

Chapter 9 Reformation(1500—1600) 309

1．Introduction 309

2．Religious and Social Background of the Reformation 310

2.1 The Church of Rome Around 1500 310

2.2 Corruption and Malpractices within the Church 312

3．Luther and the German Reformation 315

3.1 Martin Luther(1483—1546) 315

3.2 Luther's Teachings 316

3.3 The Reformation in Germany 319

4．The Spread of the Protestant Reformation 323

4.1 The Reformation in Switzerland 324

4.2 The Reformation in England 328

5．The Catholic Counter-Reformation 332

5.1 The Council of Trent 333

5.2 New Religious Orders:The Jesuits 334

6．General Effects of the Reformation 336

7．Conclusion 337

Exercises 338

参考文献 343

Keys to Exercises 348