CRIMINOLOGY A SOCIOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION SECOND EDITIONPDF电子书下载

PART 1 THE CRIMINOLOGICAL IMAGINATION 2

Timeline 2

1 Introduction 3

An introduction: the many meanings of criminology 3

What counts as a criminological topic? 4

Criminological methods 4

Sociology and the 'sociological imagination' 5

Sociology and the 'criminological imagination' 5

Sociology, social divisions and crime 6

Structure of the book 8

How to use the book 8

Special features 9

Chapter summaries 9

Critical thinking questions 9

Suggestions for further study 9

Suggestions about more information 9

Glossary 9

2 Histories of Crime 11

Introduction 11

Historical patterns: declining violence 12

British prosecution patterns 13

Trends in historical writing 17

Men and crime 17

Women and crime 19

Youth and crime 22

The 'dangerous class', 'underclass', race and crime 25

Summary 27

Critical thinking questions 27

Further study 27

More information 28

3 Researching Crime 29

Introduction 29

Criminological research methods 30

Criminological data 32

Thinking critically about statistics 32

Recorded crime 33

Racist incidents: an example of thinking critically about recorded crime 35

National crime victimization surveys 37

International, local and commercial crime victimization surveys 38

Thinking positively about crime statistics 39

Criminologists and criminals 39

Moral, ethical and legal issues 41

Codes of ethics 42

Taking sides in criminological research 42

Becker and 'underdog sociology' 42

Ohlin and policy-forming sociology 43

Summary 45

Critical thinking questions 46

Further study 46

More information 46

PART2 THINKING ABOUT CRIME 49

4 The Enlightenment and Early Traditions 51

Introduction 51

A caution 52

Enlightenment thinking about crime 53

The classical tradition in criminology 54

Back to justice: some recent classical developments 58

Problems with the classical model 58

The positivist movement 58

The criminal type and Lombroso 58

Statistical regularity and positivism 60

The positivist inheritance 60

Problems with the positivist model 65

Tensions between positivism and classical thinking 65

Summary 66

Critical thinking questions 66

Further study 66

More information 67

5 Early Sociologies of Crime 68

Introduction 68

The normality of crime 69

Problems with functionalism 70

The egoism of crime in capitalist society 70

Problems with Marxism 73

Cultural transmission, city life and the Chicago School 73

The Chicago School and crime 74

Crime as learned: differential association theory 78

Problems with the Chicago School 78

Anomie and the stresses and strains of crime 79

Problems with anomie theory 80

Gangs, youth and deviant subcultures 80

Synthesizing the theories? 81

Control theories 82

Neutralization theory 82

Social control theory 83

Problems with control theory 84

Reintegrative shaming? 84

Written out of criminological history? 85

Early black sociologists 85

Early sociological studies of women and girls 86

Summary 87

Critical thinking questions 88

Further study 89

More information 89

6 Radicalizing Traditions 90

Introduction 90

'Deviance' and labelling 93

Becker, Lemert and Cohen 94

Wider contributions 96

Problems with labelling theory 97

Developments 98

Crime as conflict 99

Jeffrey Reiman and economic conflicts 99

The new criminology 100

Left realism 102

Left idealism? 103

The Birmingham Centre and the new subcultural theory 103

Some problems 106

Feminist criminology 108

Critique of malestream criminology 109

Men, masculinity and crime 111

Foucault and discourse theory 112

Summary 114

Critical thinking questions 114

Further study 114

More information 115

7 Crime, Social Theory and Social Change 116

Introduction 116

Crime and the movement to late modernity 117

The exclusive society and the vertigo of late modernity 119

Postmodernism and crime 121

Cultural criminology 123

Comparative criminology, globalization and crime 124

Globalization 125

Rebirth of human rights theories 128

The risk society: actuarial justice and contradictory criminologies 129

The genealogy of risk 130

Summary 133

Critical thinking questions 134

Further study 134

More information 135

8 Crime, Place and Space 137

Introduction 137

Offenders, offences and place 138

Spatial distribution of crime 139

Crime prevention, space and communities 145

Changing spaces: urban design and crime 145

Living in spaces: everyday negotiations of disorder 149

Mapping and the uses of geo-data 150

Critical cartography 151

Summary 152

Critical thinking questions 153

Further study 153

More information 153

PART 3 DOING CRIME 155

9 Victims and Victimization 157

Introduction 157

The role of victims within the criminal justice system 158

Defining crime and victimization 158

The hierarchy of victimization 159

Different types of victimology 162

Crime victimization surveys 163

Social variables in crime victimization 165

Social class 165

Age 165

Gender 166

Ethnicity 167

The impact of crime 169

Towards a victim-oriented criminal justice process? 172

Summary 174

Critical thinking questions 175

Further study 175

More information 175

10 Crime and Property 177

Introduction 177

Patterns of property crime 178

Comparative experiences 179

The hidden figure of property crime 182

Profile of property crime offenders 183

Everybody does it? 184

Social distribution of crime risks 185

Social class 185

Ethnicity 186

Age 186

Geography 187

Controlling property crime 187

Other forms of property crime 190

Theft and illegal export of cultural property 190

Theft of intellectual property 191

Biopiracy 192

New horizons in understanding property crime 192

Summary 194

Critical thinking questions 194

Further study 195

More information 195

11 Crime, Sexuality and Gender 196

Introduction 196

Understanding sex offences: sex crimes, gender and violence 200

Feminist perspectives 200

Rape as social control 201

Date rape 204

Rape, war crime and genocide 204

Pornography 205

The instrumental and symbolic role of law in sex crimes 207

Panics around sex crimes 208

The changing character of sex crimes 209

Sex crimes on the Internet 210

Changes in the law concerning sexual offences in the United Kingdom 211

Sex offences in global perspective 213

Summary 215

Critical thinking questions 215

Further study 215

More information 216

12 Crime, the Emotions and Social Psychology 217

Introduction 217

Rediscovering the emotions 218

Status, stigma and seduction 219

Conceptualizing emotions 220

Fear of crime 221

Urbanism, anxiety and the human condition 223

Hate crime 225

The thrill of it all? 228

Self-esteem, shame and respect 229

Stories from the street 231

Humiliation, rage and edgework 232

Risk, excitement and routine 233

Summary 234

Critical thinking questions 234

Further study 235

More information 235

13 Organizational and Professional Forms of Crime 236

Introduction 236

Thinking about organizational and professional crime 237

Crime in the world of illegal enterprise 239

Professional organized crime in Britain, 1930s-2000 240

Ethnicity, outsiders and the organization of crime 242

Organized crime as local and global 244

Crime in the world of lawful professions 246

Defining and identifying 'crimes' of the powerful 247

Definitions and breadth 247

Crime and the professions 248

Crime in the world of corporate-level business and commerce 252

Crimes of the powerful 252

Transnational corporate crimes 255

Summary 256

Critical thinking questions 256

Further study 257

More information 257

14 Drugs, Alcohol, Health and Crime 259

Introduction 259

Controlling illicit drugs and alcohol 261

Drug politics and policy in the United Kingdom 263

The anomaly of alcohol control 266

Drugs as a global issue 266

The opium trade in the nineteenth century 266

The drugs trade in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries 267

Are drugs' a problem' ? 269

Drugs and crime 274

Criminal groups and the drug market 276

Controlling drugs 277

Alcohol and crime 280

Drugs, alcohol, crime and community: a public health issue 283

Connecting crime and health issues 283

Crime, public health and social inequalities 284

Public health as social policing 285

Medicine as a form of social control 285

Medical and psychiatric interventions as social control 285

Medicalization of control in prisons 286

Medicine and the criminal justice system 287

Summary 288

Critical thinking questions 289

Further study 289

More information 289

PART4 CONTROLLING CRIME 291

15 Thinking about Punishment 293

Introduction 293

Philosophical justifications 295

Reductivist principles 295

Retributivist principles 301

Sociological explanations 305

Durkheim and social solidarity 306

Marx and political economy 308

Foucault and disciplinary power 310

Feminist challenges 313

Summary 314

Critical thinking questions 314

Further study 315

More information 315

16 The Criminal Justice Process 317

Introduction 317

Historical context 317

Overview of criminal justice institutions 318

Key stages of the criminal justice process 320

The police 321

The Crown Prosecution Service 323

The judiciary 324

The Probation Service 325

The nature of criminal justice 327

Procedural justice 327

Substantive justice 330

Negotiated justice 331

Criminal justice in crisis? 334

Summary 335

Critical thinking questions 336

Further study 336

More information 336

17 Police and Policing 338

Introduction 338

Historical origins and continuities 339

Police roles and functions 342

Police culture 345

Police accountability 348

Legal accountability 348

Political accountability 349

Managerial accountability 349

Police deviance and criminality 351

Privatization, pluralization and transnationalization in policing 353

Summary 355

Critical thinking questions 355

Further study 355

More information 356

18 Prisons and Imprisonment 357

Introduction 357

Comparing penal systems 358

Origins of imprisonment 359

Why prison? 362

The modern prison estate 364

Contemporary crises 365

The expanding prison population 365

Overcrowding and conditions 366

Authority and managerialism 367

Social consequences 367

Youth custody 367

Gendered prisons 372

Ethnicity, nationality and racism 374

Prison sociology 378

Prisoner subcultures and 'mind games' 378

Prison riots and the problem of order 379

Summary 380

Critical thinking questions 381

Further study 381

More information 381

PART 5 GLOBALIZING CRIME 383

19 Green Criminology 385

Introduction 385

Globalization and the risk society 386

Green criminology 387

Harms, connections and consequences 388

Harms to the planet and its inhabitants: a typology 389

Secondary or symbiotic green crimes 394

State violence against oppositianal groups 394

Hazardous waste and organized crime 395

The criminalization of environmental offences 396

The making of green crimes: criminalizing environmental issues 397

Early legislatian 397

Growth of environmental legislation 398

Green crimes, social costs and social exclusion 398

Developing nations as 'dump sites' 398

Local communities as dump sites 399

Fighting back: green movements of resistance and change 400

A green backlash? 401

Ways ahead in a risk society 402

The green criminology agenda 403

Summary 403

Critical thinking questions 404

Further study 404

More information 405

20 Crime and the Media 406

Introduction 406

Blurring boundaries 407

Media effects, popular anxieties and violent representations 408

Meanings of violence 409

Dramatizing crime, manufacturing consent and news production 412

Current debates 414

Imagining transgression, representing detection and consuming crime 416

Addressing audiences 421

Crime in cyberspace 422

Types of cybercrime 423

Child pornography 425

Summary 428

Critical thinking questions 428

Further study 429

More information 429

21 Terrorism, State Crime and Human Rights 430

Introduction 430

The emergence and institutionalization of the human rights paradigm 432

Human trafficking 433

Criminology, human rights and crimes of the state 434

Terrorism - a useful concept? 435

State responses to terror 437

Torture 437

Crimes of war 438

Capital punishment 440

Conclusion 442

Summary 443

Critical thinking questions 443

Further study 444

More information 444

22 Criminological Futures 445

Introduction 445

Visions of the future? 446

Persistence of the past 447

Extension of current trends 447

The present into the future 449

Criminological thinking - present and future? 449

Criminological futures? 450

Risk and risky populations as the future focus of control? 451

A different future: towards a public criminology 452

An agenda for a public criminology 452

An outline of a public criminology 453

Summary 455

Critical thinking questions 455

Further study 456

Glossary 457

Bibliography 464

Webliography 508

Index 520