Human dignity in bioethics and lawPDF电子书下载

1.Beginnings 1

Steps 1 and 2: Sometimes Existing Tools Won’t Do, and Dignity has to Step In 2

Step 3: Usefulness in Hard Cases Suggests Usefulness in Easier Cases 3

Step 4: （a） Dignity’s Substantive Meaning, and （b） a Transactional Model of Deployment 4

（a） What is Dignity? 4

（b） Deploying the Notion of Dignity: a Transactional Model 15

（c） Looking Back at this Pair of Steps 18

Step 5: Dignity is the Bioethical Theory of Everything 19

Step 6: Being Reassured by our Intuitions 21

Assumptions about the Role of Law 22

2.A Short History of Dignity 24

The Emergence of Men 24

The Ancient World 27

Made in the Image of God: Judaeo-Christian Understandings of Human Dignity 28

Subsequent Christian Understandings of Dignity 32

The Middle Ages and the Renaissance 33

More Footnotes on Stoicism: Kant and the Enlightenment 34

The Popularisation of Dignity 39

Dignity Today: an Introduction 40

3.Defining and Dissecting Dignity 43

Feldman 44

Schroeder 45

Killmister 46

Clapham 49

Bostrom 49

Gormally and Lebech 50

Kass 53

Beyleveld and Brownsword 56

Ronald Dworkin 57

4.‘Dignity is Useless’ 58

‘Dignity is too Amorphous to be Useful’ 58

‘Dignity is Intrinsically Religious, and Hence Suspect ’ 62

The Autonomists 62

Can Rights do the Job of Dignity? 66

5.What do Non-philosophers and Non-lawyers Mean by Dignity? 68

The Royal College of Nursing （UK） 72

The Social Care Institute for Excellence （UK） 72

The American Association of Colleges of Nursing （USA） 73

The View from the Ward 74

6.Taking Stock of the View from the Academy and the Ward 80

7.Dignity in the Courtroom: General Overview 85

Dignity in National and International Instruments 85

International Instruments Dealing Speci№ically with Healthcare and Bioethics 87

（a） The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine （the Oviedo Convention, 1997） 87

（b） The Additional Protocol to the Oviedo Convention, concerning Biomedical Research 87

（c） The Additional Protocol to the Oviedo Convention, on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings 88

（d） The Additional Protocol to the Oviedo Convention, on Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin 88

（e） The Additional Protocol to the Oviedo Convention, on Genetic Testing for Health Purposes 88

（f） The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights 88

（g） The UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights 89

（h） UNESCO International Declaration on Human Genetic Data 91

（i） The World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research involving Human Subjects 91

What is Meant by ‘Dignity’ in these and other Instruments? 92

Throwing Dwarfs in France 95

Dignity as the Most Basic Legal Value 97

Dignity in the Bioethics Context: Have the Courts said Definitively what they mean by Dignity? 98

Airedale NHS Trust v Bland 99

Munby J in R （Burke） v General Medical Council 101

8.Consent, Confidentiality, Privacy, Medical Research and Resources 111

Consent 112

Basics 112

How Judges Judge 112

The Problems of Ethical and Legal Pluralism 113

Does Dignity add Anything to the Conventional Ways of Looking at Consent? 114

Confidentiality and Privacy 127

Medical Research 129

Resources 130

9.Human Enhancement and Cloning Technologies 134

Cloning 135

What about the Law? 143

Enhancement 145

（a） We’re all enhancers anyway 148

（b） Some enhancements are dignity-enhancing 150

10.Reproductive Choice and the Unborn 154

Reproductive Choice Generally 154

General Dignity Observations on the Use of Therapeutic Cloning and other Reproductive Technology 156

General Dignity Observations on Abortion 159

11.The End of Life 165

12.The Use and Abuse of Body Parts 173

Epilogue 177

Index 179