CHEMISTRY EIGHTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Chemistry: The Study of Change 2

1.1 Chemistry: A Science for the Twenty-First Century 4

1.2 The Study of Chemistry 7

1.3 The Scientific Method 8

Chemistry in ActionPrimordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory 10

1.4 Classifications of Matter 11

1.5 The Three States of Matter 13

1.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 14

1.7 Measurement 15

Chemistry in ActionThe Importance of Units 21

1.8 Handling Numbers 20

1.9 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems 27

Key Equations 31

Summary of Facts and Concepts 31

Key Words 31

Questions and Problems 32

Chemical MysteryThe Disappearance of the Dinosaurs 38

Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 40

2.1 The Atomic Theory 42

2.2 The Structure of the Atom 43

2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes 49

2.4 The Periodic Table 51

Chemistry in ActionDistribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems 53

2.5 Molecules and Ions 52

2.6 Chemical Formulas 55

2.7 Naming Compounds 59

Summary of Facts and Concepts 68

Key Words 68

Questions and Problems 69

Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions 74

3.1 Atomic Mass 76

3.2 Avogadro's Number and Molar Mass of an Element 77

3.3 Molecular Mass 81

3.4 The Mass Spectrometer 84

3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds 84

3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas 88

3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 90

3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products 95

3.9 Limiting Reagents 99

3.10 Reaction Yield 101

Chemistry in ActionChemical Fertilizers 102

Key Equations 104

Summary of Facts and Concepts 104

Key Words 105

Questions and Problems 105

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 114

4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 116

4.2 Precipitation Reactions 118

Chemistry in ActionAn Undesirable Precipitation Reaction 122

4.3 Acid-Base Reactions 121

4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 126

Chemistry in ActionBreath Analyzer 138

4.5 Concentration of Solutions 139

4.6 Gravimetric Analysis 143

4.7 Acid-Base Titrations 145

4.8 Redox Titrations 148

Chemistry in ActionMetal from the Sea 150

Key Equations 150

Summary of Facts and Concepts 150

Key Words 151

Questions and Problems 151

Chemical MysteryWho Killed Napoleon? 160

Chapter 5 Gases 162

5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases 164

5.2 Pressure of a Gas 165

5.3 The Gas Laws 169

5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 175

5.5 Gas Stoichiometry 184

5.6 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 186

Chemistry in ActionScuba Diving and the Gas Laws 192

5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theoryof Gases 191

Chemistry in ActionSuper Cold Atoms 198

5.8 Deviation from Ideal Behavior 199

Key Equations 202

Summaryof Facts and Concepts 202

Key Words 203

Questions and Problems 203

Chemical MysteryOut of Oxygen 212

Chapter 6 Thermochemistry 214

6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy 216

6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 217

6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics 219

Chemistry in ActionMaking Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire 224

6.4 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions 225

6.5 Calorimetry 230

Chemistry in ActionFuel Values of Foods and Other Substances 236

6.6 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction 237

Chemistry in ActionHow a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself 242

6.7 Heat of Solution and Dilution 243

Key Equations 245

Summaryof Facts and Concepts 246

Key Words 246

Questions and Problems 247

Chemical MysteryThe Exploding Tire 256

Chapter 7 Quantum Theory and theElectronic Structure of Atoms 258

7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory 260

7.2 The Photoelectric Effect 264

7.3 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 266

Chemistry in ActionElement from the Sun 272

Chemistry in ActionLaser—The Splendid Light 274

7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron 271

Chemistry in ActionElectron Microscopy 276

7.5 Quantum Mechanics 277

7.6 Quantum Numbers 279

7.7 Atomic Orbitals 281

7.8 Electron Configuration 285

7.9 The Building-Up Principle 292

Key Equations 295

Summary of Facts and Concepts 296

Key Words 297

Questions and Problems 297

Chapter 8 Periodic RelationshipsAmong the Elements 304

8.1 Development of the Periodic Table 306

8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements 308

8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties 312

Chemistry in ActionThe Third Liquid Element? 319

8.4 Ionization Energy 319

8.5 Electron Affinity 323

8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements 325

Chemistry in ActionDiscoveryof the Noble Gases 336

Summary of Facts and Concepts 337

Key Words 337

Questions and Problems 338

Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding Ⅰ: Basic Concepts 344

9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols 346

9.2 The Ionic Bond 347

9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds 349

Chemistry in ActionSodium Chloride—A Common and Important Ionic Compound 353

9.4 The Covalent Bond 354

9.5 Electronegativity 357

9.6 Writing Lewis Structures 360

9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure 362

9.8 The Concept of Resonance 365

9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 367

Chemistry in ActionJust Say NO 372

9.10 Bond Energy 372

Key Equation 377

Summary of Facts and Concepts 377

Key Words 378

Questions and Problems 378

Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding Ⅱ: Molecular Geometryand Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 384

10.1 Molecular Geometry 386

10.2 Dipole Moment 395

Chemistry in ActionMicrowave Ovens—Dipole Moments at Work 398

10.3 Valance Bond Theory 401

10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 403

10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds 412

10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory 415

10.7 Molecular Orbital Configurations 418

10.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals 423

Chemistry in ActionBuckyball, Anyone? 426

Key Equations 425

Summary of Facts and Concepts 425

Key Words 428

Questions and Problems 428

Chapter 11 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids 434

11.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theoryof Liquids and Solids 436

11.2 Intermolecular Forces 437

11.3 Properties of Liquids 443

Chemistry in ActionWhy Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down? 447

11.4 Crystal Structure 446

11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals 453

11.6 Types of Crystals 455

11.7 Amorphous Solids 460

Chemistry in ActionHigh-Temperature Superconductors 460

11.8 Phase Changes 462

11.9 Phase Diagrams 471

Chemistry in ActionHard-Soiling an Egg on a Mountaintop, Pressure Cookers,and Ice Skating 473

Chemistry in ActionLiquid Crystals 474

Key Equations 476

Summary of Facts and Concepts 476

Key Words 477

Questions and Problems 477

Chapter 12 Physical Properties of Solutions 486

12.1 Types of Solutions 488

12.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process 489

12.3 Concentration Units 491

12.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility 495

12.5 The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases 497

Chemistry in ActionThe Killer Lake 500

12.6 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 499

12.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 512

Chemistryin ActionDesalination 516

12.8 Colloids 514

Key Equations 518

Summary of Facts and Concepts 519

Key Words 519

Questions and Problems 520

Chemical MysteryThe Wrong Knife 528

Chapter 13 Chemical Kinetics 530

13.1 The Rate of a Reaction 532

13.2 The Rate Law 539

13.3 Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time 543

Chemistry in ActionDetermining the Age of the Shroud of Turin 552

13.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence ofRate Constants 554

13.5 Reaction Mechanisms 560

Chemistry in ActionFemtochemistry 565

13.6 Catalysis 566

Key Equations 573

Sumrnary of Facts and Concepts 574

Key Words 574

Questions and Problems 575

Chapter 14 Chemical Equilibrium 584

14.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 586

14.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions 588

14.3 The Relationship Between Chemical Kinetics and ChemicalEquilibrium 600

14.4 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us? 601

14.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium 607

Chemistry in ActionLife at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production 613

Chemistry in ActionThe Haber Process 614

Key Equations 616

Summary of Facts and Concepts 616

Key Words 617

Questions and Problems 617

Chapter 15 Acids and Bases 626

15.1 Bronsted Acids and Bases 628

15.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water 629

15.3 pH—AMeasure of Acidity 631

15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 634

15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 638

15.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants 645

15.7 The Relationship Between the Ionization Constants of Acidsand Their Conjugate Bases 647

15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids 648

15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 652

15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts 656

15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 661

15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases 664

Chemistry in ActionAntacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach 666

Key Equations 668

Summary of Facts and Concepts 668

Key Words 669

Questions and Problems 669

Chemical MysteryDecaying Papers 676

Chapter 16 Acid-Base Equilibria andSolubility Equilibria 678

16.1 Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solution Equilibria 680

16.2 The Common Ion Effect 680

16.3 Buffer Solutions 683

Chemistry in ActionMaintaining the pH of Blood 688

16.4 Acid-Base Titrations 690

16.5 Acid-Base Indicators 698

16.6 Solubility Equilibria 700

16.7 Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation 707

16.8 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility 709

16.9 pH and Solubility 710

16.10 Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility 713

16.11 Application of the Solubility Product Principle toQualitative Analysis 718

Chemistry in ActionHow an Eggshell Is Formed 719

Key Equation 721

Summary of Facts and Concepts 721

Key Words 722

Questions and Problems 722

Chemical MysteryA Hard-Boiled Snack 728

Chapter 17 Chemistry in the Atmosphere 730

17.1 Earth's Atmosphere 732

17.2 Phenomena in the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere 735

17.3 Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere 737

17.4 Volcanoes 742

17.5 The Greenhouse Effect 743

17.6 Acid Rain 748

17.7 Photochemical Smog 751

17.8 Indoor Pollution 753

Summary of Facts and Concepts 756

Key Words 757

Questions and Problems 757

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium 762

18.1 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 764

18.2 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy 764

18.3 Entropy 765

18.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 770

Chemistry in ActionThe Efficiency of Heat Engines 776

18.5 Gibbs Free Energy 775

18.6 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 782

18.7 Thermodynamics in Living Systems 786

Chemistry in ActionThe Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band 787

Key Equations 789

Summary of Facts and Concepts 789

Key Words 789

Questions and Problems 790

Chapter 19 Electrochemistry 796

19.1 Redox Reactions 798

19.2 Galvanic Cells 801

19.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 803

19.4 Spontaneity of Redox Reactions 809

19.5 The Effect of Concentration of Cell Emf 812

19.6 Batteries 816

19.7 Corrosion 821

19.8 Electrolysis 825

Chemistry in ActionDental Filling Discomfort 831

Key Equations 830

Summary of Facts and Concepts 831

Key Words 832

Questions and Problems 832

Chemical MysteryTainted Water 840

Chapter 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals 842

20.1 Occurrence of Metals 844

20.2 Metallurgical Processes 844

20.3 Band Theory of Conductivity 852

20.4 Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties 854

20.5 The Alkali Metals 855

20.6 The Alkaline Earth Metals 859

20.7 Aluminum 861

Chemistry in ActionRecycling Aluminum 864

Summary of Facts and Concepts 864

Key Words 866

Questions and Problems 866

Chapter 21 Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds 870

21.1 General Properties of Nonmetals 872

21.2 Hydrogen 872

Chemistry in ActionMetallic Hydrogen 878

21.3 Carbon 877

Chemistry in ActionSynthetic Gas from Coal 881

21.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 880

Chemistry in ActionAmmonium Nitrate—The Explosive Feilizer 889

21.5 Oxygen and Sulfur 888

21.6 The Halogens 896

Summary of Facts and Concepts 904

Key Words 905

Questions and Problems 905

Chapter 22 Transition Metal Chemistry andCoordination Compounds 910

22.1 Properties of the Transition Metals 912

22.2 Chemistry of Iron and Copper 915

22.3 Coordination Compounds 917

22.4 Structure of Coordination Compounds 921

22.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Crystal Field Theory 925

22.6 Reactions of Coordination Compounds 934

Chemistry in ActionCoordination Compounds in Living Systems 930

22.7 Applications of Coordination Compounds 934

Chemistry in ActionCisplatin—The Anticancer Drug 932

Key Equation 936

Summary of Facts and Concepts 936

Key Words 936

Questions and Problems 936

Chemical MysteryDating Paintings with Prussian Blue 940

Chapter 23 Nuclear Chemistry 942

23.1 The Nature of Nuclear Reactions 944

23.2 Nuclear Stability 946

23.3 Natural Radioactiviry 951

23.4 Nuclear Transmutation 954

23.5 Nuclear Fission 957

Chemistry in ActionNature's Own Fission Reactor 962

23.6 Nuclear Fusion 963

23.7 Uses of Isotopes 965

23.8 Biological Effects of Radiation 967

Chemistryin ActionFood Irradiation 969

Key Equation 970

Summary of Facts and Concepts 970

Key Words 971

Questions and Problems 971

Chemical MysteryThe ArtForgery of the Twentieth Century 976

Chapter 24 Organic Chemistry 978

24.1 Classes of Organic Compounds 980

24.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 980

Chemistry in ActionIce That Burns 992

24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 993

24.4 Chemist of the Functional Groups 996

Chemistry in ActionThe Petroleum Indust 1003

Summary of Facts and Concepts 1004

Key Words 1005

Questions and Problems 1006

Chemical MysteryThe Disappearing Fingerprints 1012

Chapter 25 Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymers 1014

25.1 Properties of Polymers 1016

25.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers 1016

25.3 Proteins 1021

25.4 Nucleic Acids 1030

Chemisty in Action Sicke Cell Anemia-A Molecular Disease 1030

Chemisty in ActionDNAFingerprinting 1034

Summary Facts and Concepts 1035

Key Words 1035

Questions and Problems 1035

Chemical Mystery Astory That Curl Your Hair 1038