PRIVATE INTERATIONAL LAW AND THE INTERNERPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Ⅰ. From the Illusion of a Borderless 'No-Man's Land' to the Reality of a Location-Sensitive 'Every-Man's Land' 2

Ⅱ. The Substantive Focus 4

A. Issues 6

1. Jurisdiction 7

2. Declining Jurisdiction 10

3. Choice of Law 11

4. Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments 12

B. Areas of Law 13

1. Contracts 13

2. Consumer Contracts 14

3. The Tort of Defamation 15

4. Trademarks 16

5. The Relationship between Contracts, Torts and Trademarks 17

Ⅲ. The Jurisdictional Focus 18

A. Australia 19

B. England 19

C. Germany 20

D. Hong Kong SAR 20

E. Sweden 20

F. The People's Republic of China 21

G. The United States of America 22

H. The Chosen Mix of States 23

Ⅳ. Comments on the Terminology 24

A. Private International Law, Conflict of Laws or Jurisdictional Issues? 24

B. IT Law, Cyberspace Law or Internet Law 26

C. The Relevant Actors 27

Chapter 2 Approaching the Internet 29

Ⅰ. The Internet's Characteristics 33

A. Borderlessness 34

B. Geographical Independence 35

C. Limited Language Dependence 37

D. One-to-Many 38

E. Low Threshold Information Distribution 39

F. Widely Used 40

G. Portability 41

H. Limited Utilization of Geographical Identifiers 44

I. Reactive Nature 46

J. Lack of Central Control 49

K. Convergence 50

Ⅱ. Consequences of the Characteristics of Internet Communication 52

A. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in General 52

B. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in Contracts 56

C. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in the Tort of Defamation 57

D. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in Trademarks 60

Ⅲ. Concluding Observations 61

Chapter 3 Approaching Private International Law 63

Ⅰ. Unilateralism and Multilateralism 64

Ⅱ. Desirable Qualities of Private International Law Rules 67

A. Legitimate Party Expectations (A Fundamental Quality) 73

1. The Relation between Predictability and Flexibility 75

2. Contracts 77

3. Defamation 82

4. Trademarks 84

B. Suitable Level of Generalization (A Fundamental Quality) 84

C. Abuse-Resistance (A Fundamental Quality) 85

D. Non-Violation of Public International Law (A Fundamental Quality) 87

1. The Statute of the International Court of Justice 89

2. International Customs 90

E. Forum-Neutral Language (A Fundamental Quality in Some Settings) 96

F. Policy Fulfilment (A Non-fundamental Quality) 96

G. Efficiency (A Non-fundamental Quality) 100

H. Simplicity (A Non-fundamental Quality) 101

I. Wide Acceptance (A Non-fundamental Quality) 101

J. Independence from Substantive Law Concepts (A Non-fundamental Quality) 102

Ⅲ. Principles to Guide the Application of Private International Law Rules 103

Ⅳ. Concluding Observations 105

Chapter 4 Traditional Common Law: Australia, England and Hong Kong SAR 107

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction 109

A. Contracts 115

1. Limits on Exclusive Forum Selection 116

B. Defamation 118

C. Trademarks 126

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction 131

A. Forum Non Conveniens 132

B. Lis Alibi Pendens 147

C. Ineffectiveness 147

Ⅲ. Choice of Law 148

A. Contracts 148

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law 150

B. Defamation 151

C. Trademarks 156

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement 157

Chapter 5 The United States of America 159

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction 159

A. Contracts 170

1. Limits on Exclusive Forum Selection 174

B. Defamation 174

C. Trademarks 180

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction 182

A. Forum Non Conveniens 182

B. Lis Alibi Pendens 184

Ⅲ. Choice of Law 185

A. Contracts 185

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law 187

B. Defamation 188

C. Trademarks 189

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement 190

Chapter 6 European Civil Law: Germany and Sweden 195

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction 196

A. Contracts 201

1. Limits on Forum Selection 203

B. Defamation 204

C. Trademarks 208

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction 209

A. Forum Non Conveniens 209

B. Lis Alibi Pendens 211

C. Ineffectiveness 212

Ⅲ. Choice of Law 212

A. Contracts 213

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law 214

B. Defamation 215

C. Trademarks 218

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement 218

Chapter 7 The People's Republic of China 221

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction 223

A. Definition of Shewai Cases 224

B. Contracts 226

1. Limits on Exclusive Forum Selection 227

C. Defamation 232

D. Trademarks 234

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction 236

Ⅲ. Choice of Law 237

A. Contracts 239

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law 241

B. Defamation 242

C. Trademarks 243

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement 244

Chapter 8 International Instruments 247

Ⅰ. The Relevant European Instruments 248

A. Brussels Ⅰ Regulation/New Lugano Convention 248

B. Brussels Convention/1988 Lugano Convention 261

C. Rome Ⅰ Regulation 265

D. Rome Convention 269

E. Rome Ⅱ Regulation 272

F. Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts 278

G. E-commerce Directive 280

H. Regulation Establishing a European Small Claims Procedure 282

Ⅱ. The Relevant Hague Conventions 286

A. The Hague Convention 1955 287

B. The Previously Proposed Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters 287

1. An Overview 288

2. The Relevant Provisions 289

3. Some Words about the Negotiations Process 289

4. The Future of the 'Judgments Project' 290

C. The Hague Convention 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements 291

D. Proposal for a Hague Instrument on Choice of Law in International Contracts 298

Ⅲ. Other International Instruments of Relevance 299

A. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 299

B. New York Convention 1958 300

C. Charter of the United Nations 301

D. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 308

1. Alpert's ICCPR Challenge to Australian Jurisdiction 309

2. Exhaustion 311

3. Jurisdiction 311

4. Substantive Dispute 312

5. Concluding Remarks 313

E. Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and the TRIPS Agreement 314

Chapter 9 A Critique of Current Rules of Private International Law 317

Ⅰ. Rules of Jurisdiction 319

A. Uninteresting and Uncontroversial Jurisdictional Grounds 319

B. Uninteresting but Controversial Jurisdictional Grounds 320

C. The Doctrine of General Jurisdiction 321

D. Submission 322

1. Submission after the Dispute Arises 322

2. Contract Nominating Forum (Submission before the Dispute Arises) 323

3. The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements 324

E. The Location of Contract Formation 329

F. The Applicable Law Being the Law of the Forum 331

G. The Location of Contract Performance 331

H. Contract Breached within the Forum 332

I. Location of Object of Litigation 332

J. US Contractual Specific Jurisdiction 333

K. The Place of the Wrongful Act and the Place of Harm 333

1. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step One 336

2. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Two 336

3. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Three 338

4. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Four 344

5. Extent of Plaintiffs Reputation 345

6. Enforcement Difficulties 347

7. Prior Notice (Foreseeability) 348

8. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Five 353

9. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Six 354

10. Concluding Observations in Relation to Jurisdiction Based on Place of Wrong/Place of Harm 355

L. Plaintiff's Habitual Residence or Domicile 355

M. The Location of the Server 356

N. US Effects Test 357

O. Plaintiff's Location when Observing the Infringement 358

P. Injunctions 358

Q. Detainable Property within the Forum State 359

R. Representative Office/Branch 360

S. Location of Registration 361

T. Directing Activities/Targeting 361

Ⅱ. Rules of Declining Jurisdiction 368

A. Forum Non Conveniens 368

1. How Can Judges Take Away What the Lawmakers Have Given to the Plaintiff? 369

2. Too Much Discretion 370

3. Lack of Uniformity 372

4. Delays the Process 373

5. 'Case-Shopping' Used to Ease the Courts' Workload 373

6. 'Case-Shopping' Used to Protect Domestic Interests 374

7. Discretion to Uphold Choice of Forum Clauses Nominating a Foreign Forum 375

8. Conditional Exercise of Forum Non Conveniens 376

9. Forum Non Conveniens: Clearly Inappropriate for International Instruments 377

10. Forum Non Conveniens: Superfluous if Jurisdictional Rules Are Reasonable 378

11. The Doctrine Is Easily Circumvented 379

12. The Doctrine Has Lost Its Meaning in Modern Society 379

13. Conclusions Regarding the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens 380

B. Lis Alibi Pendens 381

C. Ineffectiveness 381

Ⅲ. Rules of Choice of Law 382

A. Contract Designated Law 382

B. Closest Connection 383

C. Law of Buyer's Domicile 383

D. Lex Fori 384

E. Lex Loci Delicti 384

F. The 'Double Actionability' Test and Its Flexible Exception 385

G. The Law of the Parties' Common Habitual Residence 386

H. Lex Loci Protectionis 387

I. The Law of the Victims Habitual Residence 387

J. Lex Loci Damni 388

Ⅳ. Rules of Recognition and Enforcement 389

A. No Recognition and Enforcement 389

B. Convention-Based Recognition and Enforcement 390

C. Reciprocity 390

D. Restricted Recognition and Enforcement 391

Ⅴ. Concluding Observations 392

Chapter 10 Geo-identification: Time to Take Technology Seriously 395

Ⅰ. Internet Architecture, Regulation and 'Borders' 396

Ⅱ. Geo-location Technologies 398

A. Sophisticated Geo-location Technologies 400

1. Client-Side Geo-location 400

2. Server-Side Geo-location 401

3. The Future of Sophisticated Geo-location Technologies 414

B. Unsophisticated Geo-location Technologies 418

C. Geo-location Technologies in Practice 419

Ⅲ. Non-Technical Means of Geographical Identification 426

A. Disclaimers 427

B. 'Click-Wrap' Agreements 429

C. Menus: The Better and Worst Alternative 430

D. Delivery Address 431

1. Digitized Products 432

E. Offline Identification 433

F. Non-Technical Geo-identification in Practice 433

Ⅳ. Geo-identification: A Question of Attitudes 435

Ⅴ. Concluding Observations 440

Chapter 11 Proposed 'Defamation Convention Model' 445

Ⅰ. Structure of the Models 446

Ⅱ. Introduction to the 'Defamation Model' 446

Ⅲ. Basic Features of the Proposed Model 447

Ⅳ. Article-By-Article 450

Ⅴ. Putting The 'Defamation Model' to the Test 468

Chapter 12 Proposed 'Contracts Convention Model' 471

Ⅰ. Basic Features of the Proposed Model 471

Ⅱ. Article-By-Article 472

Ⅲ. Putting the 'Contracts Model' to the Test 489

Chapter 13 Concluding Remarks 491

Appendix 1 495

Appendix 2 499

Appendix 3 503

Selected Bibliography 507

Table of Authorities 529

Index 547