Engineering designPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Engineering Design 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Engineering Design Process 3

1.2.1 Importance of the Engineering Design Process 4

1.2.2 Types of Designs 5

1.3 Ways to Think About the Engineering Design Process 6

1.3.1 A Simplified Iteration Model 6

1.3.2 Design Method Versus Scientific Method 8

1.3.3 A Problem-Solving Methodology 10

1.4 Considerations of a Good Design 14

1.4.1 Achievement of Performance Requirements 14

1.4.2 Total Life Cycle 17

1.4.3 Regulatory and Social Issues 18

1.5 Description of Design Process 19

1.5.1 Phase Ⅰ.Conceptual Design 19

1.5.2 Phase Ⅱ.Embodiment Design 20

1.5.3 Phase Ⅲ.Detail Design 21

1.5.4 Phase Ⅳ.Planning for Manufacture 22

1.5.5 Phase Ⅴ.Planning for Distribution 23

1.5.6 Phase Ⅵ.Planning for Use 23

1.5.7 Phase Ⅶ.Planning for Retirement of the Product 23

1.6 Computer-Aided Engineering 24

1.7 Designing to Codes and Standards 26

1.8 Design Review 29

1.8.1 Redesign 30

1.9 Societal Considerations in Engineering Design 31

1.10 Summary 35

New Terms and Concepts 36

Bibliography 37

Problems and Exercises 37

Chapter 2 Product Development Process 39

2.1 Introduction 39

2.2 Product Development Process 39

2.2.1 Factors for Success 43

2.2.2 Static Versus Dynamic Products 46

2.2.3 Variations on the Generic Product Development Process 46

2.3 Product and Process Cycles 47

2.3.1 Stages of Development of a Product 47

2.3.2 Technology Development and Insertion Cycle 48

2.3.3 Process Development Cycle 50

2.4 Organization for Design and Product Development 51

2.4.1 A Typical Organization by Functions 53

2.4.2 Organization by Projects 54

2.4.3 Hybrid Organizations 55

2.4.4 Concurrent Engineering Teams 57

2.5 Markets and Marketing 58

2.5.1 Markets 59

2.5.2 Market Segmentation 60

2.5.3 Functions of a Marketing Department 63

2.5.4 Elements of a Marketing Plan 63

2.6 Technological Innovation 64

2.6.1 Invention，Innovation，and Diffusion 64

2.6.2 Business Strategies Related to Innovation and Product Development 67

2.6.3 Characteristics of Innovative People 68

2.6.4 Types of Technology Innovation 69

2.7 Summary 71

New Terms and Concepts 72

Bibliography 72

Problems and Exercises 73

Chapter 3 Problem Definition and Need Identification 75

3.1 Introduction 75

3.2 Identifying Customer Needs 77

3.2.1 Preliminary Research on Customers Needs 79

3.2.2 Gathering Information from Customers 80

3.3 Customer Requirements 86

3.3.1 Differing Views of Customer Requirements 87

3.3.2 Classifying Customer Requirements 89

3.4 Establishing the Engineering Characteristics 91

3.4.1 Benchmarking in General 93

3.4.2 Competitive Performance Benchmarking 95

3.4.3 Reverse Engineering or Product Dissection 96

3.4.4 Determining Engineering Characteristics 97

3.5 Quality Function Deployment 98

3.5.1 The House of Quality Configurations 100

3.5.2 Steps for Building a House of Quality 102

3.5.3 Interpreting Results of HOQ 107

3.6 Product Design Specification 109

3.7 Summary 111

Bibliography 113

New Terms and Concepts 114

Problems and Exercises 114

Chapter 4 Team Behavior and Tools 116

4.1 Introduction 116

4.2 What It Means to be an Effective Team Member 117

4.3 Team Roles 118

4.4 Team Dynamics 119

4.5 Effective Team Meetings 122

4.5.1 Helpful Rules for Meeting Success 123

4.6 Problems with Teams 124

4.7 Problem-Solving Tools 126

4.7.1 Applying the Problem-Solving Tools in Design 140

4.8 Time Management 145

4.9 Planning and Scheduling 146

4.9.1 Work Breakdown Structure 147

4.9.2 Gantt Chart 147

4.9.3 Critical Path Method 149

4.10 Summary 154

New Terms and Concepts 155

Bibliography 155

Problems and Exercises 156

Chapter 5 Gathering Information 158

5.1 The Information Challenge 158

5.1.1 Your Information Plan 159

5.1.2 Data，Information，and Knowledge 160

5.2 Types of Design Information 162

5.3 Sources of Design Information 162

5.4 Library Sources of Information 166

5.4.1 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias 167

5.4.2 Handbooks 169

5.4.3 Textbooks and Monographs 169

5.4.4 Finding Periodicals 169

5.4.5 Catalogs，Brochures，and Business Information 171

5.5 Government Sources of Information 171

5.6 Information From the Internet 172

5.6.1 Searching with Google 174

5.6.2 Some Helpful URLs for Design 176

5.6.3 Business-Related URLs for Design and Product Development 178

5.7 Professional Societies and Trade Associations 180

5.8 Codes and Standards 181

5.9 Patents and Other Intellectual Property 183

5.9.1 Intellectual Property 184

5.9.2 The Patent System 185

5.9.3 Technology Licensing 187

5.9.4 The Patent Literature 187

5.9.5 Reading a Patent 189

5.9.6 Copyrights 191

5.10 Company-Centered Information 192

5.11 Summary 193

New Terms and Concepts 194

Bibliography 194

Problems and Exercises 194

Chapter 6 Concept Generation 196

6.1 Introduction to Creative Thinking 197

6.1.1 Models of the Brain and Creativity 197

6.1.2 Thinking Processes that Lead to Creative Ideas 201

6.2 Creativity and Problem Solving 202

6.2.1 Aids to Creative Thinking 202

6.2.2 Barriers to Creative Thinking 205

6.3 Creative Thinking Methods 208

6.3.1 Brainstorming 208

6.3.2 Idea Generating Techniques Beyond Brainstorming 210

6.3.3 Random Input Technique 212

6.3.4 Synectics：An Inventive Method Based on Analogy 213

6.3.5 Concept Map 215

6.4 Creative Methods for Design 217

6.4.1 Refinement and Evaluation of Ideas 217

6.4.2 Generating Design Concepts 219

6.4.3 Systematic Methods for Designing 221

6.5 Functional Decomposition and Synthesis 222

6.5.1 Physical Decomposition 223

6.5.2 Functional Representation 225

6.5.3 Performing Functional Decomposition 229

6.5.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of Functional Synthesis 232

6.6 Morphological Methods 233

6.6.1 Morphological Method for Design 234

6.6.2 Generating Concepts from Morphological Chart 236

6.7 TRIZ：The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving 237

6.7.1 Invention：Evolution to Increased Ideality 238

6.7.2 Innovation by Overcoming Contradictions 239

6.7.3 TRIZ Inventive Principles 240

6.7.4 The TRIZ Contradiction Matrix 243

6.7.5 Strengths and Weaknesses of TRIZ 247

6.8 Axiomatic Design 249

6.8.1 Axiomatic Design Introduction 249

6.8.2 The Axioms 250

6.8.3 Using Axiomatic Design to Generate a Concept 251

6.8.4 Using Axiomatic Design to Improve an Existing Concept 253

6.8.5 Strengths and Weaknesses of Axiomatic Design 257

6.9 Summary 258

New Terms and Concepts 259

Bibliography 260

Problems and Exercises 260

Chapter 7 Decision Making and Concept Selection 262

7.1 Introduction 262

7.2 Decision Making 263

7.2.1 Behavioral Aspects of Decision Making 263

7.2.2 Decision Theory 266

7.2.3 Utility Theory 269

7.2.4 Decision Trees 273

7.3 Evaluation Methods 274

7.3.1 Comparison Based on Absolute Criteria 275

7.3.2 Pugh Concept Selection Method 277

7.3.3 Measurement Scales 280

7.3.4 Weighted Decision Matrix 282

7.3.5 Analytic Hierarchy Process（AHP） 285

7.4 Summary 292

New Terms and Concepts 294

Bibliography 294

Problems and Exercises 294

Chapter 8 Embodiment Design 298

8.1 Introduction 298

8.1.1 Comments on Nomenclature Concerning the Phases of the Design Process 299

8.1.2 Oversimplification of the Design Process Model 300

8.2 Product Architecture 301

8.2.1 Types of Modular Architectures 303

8.2.2 Modularity and Mass Customization 303

8.2.3 Create the Schematic Diagram of the Product 305

8.2.4 Cluster the Elements of the Schematic 306

8.2.5 Create a Rough Geometric Layout 307

8.2.6 Define Interactions and Determine Performance Characteristics 308

8.3 Configuration Design 309

8.3.1 Generating Alternative Configurations 312

8.3.2 Analyzing Configuration Designs 315

8.3.3 Evaluating Configuration Designs 315

8.4 Best Practices for Configuration Design 316

8.4.1 Design Guidelines 317

8.4.2 Interfaces and Connections 321

8.4.3 Checklist for Configuration Design 324

8.4.4 Design Catalogs 325

8.5 Parametric Design 325

8.5.1 Systematic Steps in Parametric Design 326

8.5.2 A Parametric Design Example：Helical Coil Compression Spring 328

8.5.3 Design for Manufacture（DFM） and Design for Assembly（DFA） 336

8.5.4 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis（FMEA） 337

8.5.5 Design for Reliability and Safety 337

8.5.6 Design for Quality and Robustness 338

8.6 Dimensions and Tolerances 338

8.6.1 Dimensions 339

8.6.2 Tolerances 340

8.6.3 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 350

8.6.4 Guidelines for Tolerance Design 355

8.7 Industrial Design 356

8.7.1 Visual Aesthetics 357

8.8 Human Factors Design 358

8.8.1 Human Physical Effort 359

8.8.2 Sensory Input 361

8.8.3 Anthropometric Data 364

8.8.4 Design for Serviceability 364

8.9 Design for the Environment 365

8.9.1 Life Cycle Design 366

8.9.2 Design for the Environment（DFE） 368

8.9.3 DFE Scoring Methods 370

8.10 Prototyping and Testing 370

8.10.1 Prototype and Model Testing Throughout the Design Process 371

8.10.2 Building Prototypes 372

8.10.3 Rapid Prototyping 373

8.10.4 RP Processes 374

8.10.5 Testing 377

8.10.6 Statistical Design of Testing 378

8.11 Design for X（DFX） 380

8.12 Summary 382

New Terms and Concepts 382

Bibliography 383

Problems and Exercises 383

Chapter 9 Detail Design 386

9.1 Introduction 386

9.2 Activities and Decisions in Detail Design 387

9.3 Communicating Design and Manufacturing Information 391

9.3.1 Engineering Drawings 391

9.3.2 Bill of Materials 394

9.3.3 Written Documents 395

9.3.4 Common Challenges in Technical Writing 398

9.3.5 Meetings 399

9.3.6 Oral Presentations 400

9.4 Final Design Review 402

9.4.1 Input Documents 402

9.4.2 Review Meeting Process 403

9.4.3 Output from Review 403

9.5 Design and Business Activities Beyond Detail Design 403

9.6 Facilitating Design and Manufacturing with Computer-Based Methods 406

9.6.1 Product Lifecycle Management（PLM） 407

9.7 Summary 408

New Terms and Concepts 408

Bibliography 409

Problems and Exercises 409

Chapter 10 Modeling and Simulation 411

10.1 The Role of Models in Engineering Design 411

10.1.1 Types of Models 412

10.1.2 Iconic，Analog，and Symbolic Models 413

10.2 Mathematical Modeling 414

10.2.1 The Model-Building Process 414

10.3 Dimensional Analysis 423

10.3.1 Similitude and Scale Models 425

10.4 Finite-Difference Method 429

10.5 Geometric Modeling on the Computer 432

10.6 Finite Element Analysis 434

10.6.1 The Concept Behind FEA 435

10.6.2 Types of Elements 439

10.6.3 Steps in the FEA Process 442

10.6.4 Current Practice 444

10.7 Simulation 446

10.7.1 Introduction to Simulation Modeling 446

10.7.2 Simulation Programming Software 447

10.7.3 Monte Carlo Simulation 449

10.8 Summary 452

New Terms and Concepts 453

Bibliography 454

Problems and Exercises 454

Chapter 11 Materials Selection 457

11.1 Introduction 457

11.1.1 Relation of Materials Selection to Design 458

11.1.2 General Criteria for Selection 460

11.1.3 Overview of the Materials Selection Process 460

11.2 Performance Characteristics of Materials 461

11.2.1 Classification of Materials 462

11.2.2 Properties of Materials 463

11.2.3 Specification of Materials 470

11.2.4 Ashby Charts 471

11.3 The Materials Selection Process 472

11.3.1 Design Process and Materials Selection 474

11.3.2 Materials Selection in Conceptual Design 476

11.3.3 Materials Selection in Embodiment Design 476

11.4 Sources of Information on Materials Properties 478

11.4.1 Conceptual Design 479

11.4.2 Embodiment Design 479

11.4.3 Detail Design 482

11.5 Economics of Materials 482

11.5.1 Cost of Materials 482

11.5.2 Cost Structure of Materials 485

11.6 Overview of Methods of Materials Selection 486

11.7 Selection with Computer-Aided Databases 487

11.8 Material Performance Indices 488

11.8.1 Material Performance Index 489

11.9 Materials Selection with Decision Matrices 494

11.9.1 Pugh Selection Method 495

11.9.2 Weighted Property Index 496

11.10 Design Examples 499

11.11 Recycling and Materials Selection 503

11.11.1 Benefits from Recycling 504

11.11.2 Steps in Recycling 504

11.11.3 Design for Recycling 506

11.11.4 Material Selection for Eco-attributes 508

11.12 Summary 510

New Terms and Concepts 511

Bibliography 512

Problems and Exercises 512

Chapter 12 Design with Materials 515

12.1 Introduction 515

12.2 Design for Brittle Fracture 516

12.2.1 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness 518

12.2.2 Limitations on Fracture Mechanics 522

12.3 Design for Fatigue Failure 523

12.3.1 Fatigue Design Criteria 524

12.3.2 Fatigue Parameters 525

12.3.3 Information Sources on Design for Fatigue 528

12.3.4 Infinite Life Design 529

12.3.5 Safe-Life Design Strategy 531

12.3.6 Damage-Tolerant Design Strategy 536

12.3.7 Further Issues in Fatigue Life Prediction 538

12.4 Design for Corrosion Resistance 539

12.4.1 Basic Forms of Corrosion 539

12.4.2 Corrosion Prevention 541

12.5 Design Against Wear 544

12.5.1 Types of Wear 544

12.5.2 Wear Models 546

12.5.3 Wear Prevention 547

12.6 Design with Plastics 549

12.6.1 Classification of Plastics and Their Properties 549

12.6.2 Design for Stiffness 552

12.6.3 Time-Dependent Part Performance 553

12.7 Summary 555

New Terms and Concepts 556

Bibliography 556

Problems and Exercises 556

Chapter 13 Design for Manufacturing 558

13.1 Role of Manufacturing in Design 558

13.2 Manufacturing Functions 560

13.3 Classification of Manufacturing Processes 562

13.3.1 Types of Manufacturing Processes 563

13.3.2 Brief Description of the Classes of Manufacturing Processes 564

13.3.3 Sources of Information on Manufacturing Processes 565

13.3.4 Types of Manufacturing Systems 565

13.4 Manufacturing Process Selection 568

13.4.1 Quantity of Parts Required 569

13.4.2 Shape and Feature Complexity 573

13.4.3 Size 576

13.4.4 Influence of Material on Process Selection 577

13.4.5 Required Quality of the Part 579

13.4.6 Cost to Manufacture 583

13.4.7 Availability，Lead Time，and Delivery 586

13.4.8 Further Information for Process Selection 586

13.5 Design for Manufacture（DFM） 593

13.5.1 DFM Guidelines 594

13.5.2 Specific Design Rules 597

13.6 Design for Assembly（DFA） 597

13.6.1 DFA Guidelines 598

13.7 Role of Standardization in DFMA 601

13.7.1 Benefits of Standardization 601

13.7.2 Achieving Part Standardization 603

13.7.3 Group Technology 603

13.8 Mistake-Proofing 606

13.8.1 Using Inspection to Find Mistakes 606

13.8.2 Frequent Mistakes 607

13.8.3 Mistake-Proofing Process 608

13.8.4 Mistake-Proofing Solutions 609

13.9 Early Estimation of Manufacturing Cost 610

13.10 Computer Methods for DFMA 617

13.10.1 DFA Analysis 617

13.10.2 Concurrent Costing with DFM 620

13.10.3 Process Modeling and Simulation 624

13.11 Design of Castings 624

13.11.1 Guidelines for the Design of Castings 626

13.11.2 Producing Quality Castings 627

13.12 Design of Forgings 629

13.12.1 DFM Guidelines for Closed-Die Forging 631

13.12.2 Computer-Aided Forging Design 632

13.13 Design for Sheet-Metal Forming 633

13.13.1 Sheet Metal Stamping 633

13.13.2 Sheet Bending 634

13.13.3 Stretching and Deep Drawing 635

13.13.4 Computer-Aided Sheet Metal Design 637

13.14 Design of Machining 637

13.14.1 Machinability 640

13.14.2 DFM Guidelines for Machining 640

13.15 Design of Welding 643

13.15.1 Joining Processes 643

13.15.2 Welding Processes 643

13.15.3 Welding Design 646

13.15.4 Cost of Joining 649

13.16 Residual Stresses in Design 650

13.16.1 Origin of Residual Stresses 650

13.16.2 Residual Stress Created by Quenching 652

13.16.3 Other Issues Regarding Residual Stresses 654

13.16.4 Relief of Residual Stresses 656

13.17 Design for Heat Treatment 656

13.17.1 Issues with Heat Treatment 657

13.17.2 DFM for Heat Treatment 658

13.18 Design for Plastics Processing 659

13.18.1 Injection Molding 659

13.18.2 Extrusion 660

13.18.3 Blow Molding 661

13.18.4 Rotational Molding 661

13.18.5 Thermoforming 661

13.18.6 Compression Molding 661

13.18.7 Casting 662

13.18.8 Composite Processing 662

13.18.9 DFM Guidelines for Plastics Processing 663

13.19 Summary 664

New Terms and Concepts 666

Bibliography 666

Problems and Exercises 666

Chapter 14 Risk，Reliability，and Safety 669

14.1 Introduction 669

14.1.1 Regulation as a Result of Risk 671

14.1.2 Standards 672

14.1.3 Risk Assessment 673

14.2 Probabilistic Approach to Design 674

14.2.1 Basic Probability Using the Normal Distribution 675

14.2.2 Sources of Statistical Tables 677

14.2.3 Frequency Distributions Combining Applied Stress and Material Strength 677

14.2.4 Variability in Material Properties 679

14.2.5 Probabilistic Design 682

14.2.6 Safety Factor 684

14.2.7 Worst-Case Design 685

14.3 Reliability Theory 685

14.3.1 Definitions 688

14.3.2 Constant Failure Rate 688

14.3.3 Weibull Frequency Distribution 690

14.3.4 Reliability with a Variable Failure Rate 692

14.3.5 System Reliability 696

14.3.6 Maintenance and Repair 699

14.3.7 Further Topics 700

14.4 Design for Reliability 701

14.4.1 Causes of Unreliability 703

14.4.2 Minimizing Failure 703

14.4.3 Sources of Reliability Data 706

14.4.4 Cost of Reliability 706

14.5 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis（FMEA） 707

14.5.1 Making a FMEA Analysis 710

14.6 Defects and Failure Modes 712

14.7.1 Causes of Hardware Failure 713

14.7.2 Failure Modes 713

14.7.3 Importance of Failure 715

14.7 Design for Safety 715

14.9.1 Potential Dangers 716

14.9.2 Guidelines for Design for Safety 717

14.9.3 Warning Labels 718

14.8 Summary 718

New Terms and Concepts 719

Bibliography 719

Problems and Exercises 720

Chapter 15 Quality，Robust Design，and Optimization 723

15.1 The Concept of Total Quality 723

15.1.1 Definition of Quality 724

15.1.2 Deming’s 14 Points 725

15.2 Quality Control and Assurance 726

15.2.1 Fitness for Use 726

15.2.2 Quality-Control Concepts 727

15.2.3 Newer Approaches to Quality Control 729

15.2.4 Quality Assurance 729

15.2.5 ISO 9000 730

15.3 Quality Improvement 730

15.3.1 Pareto chart 731

15.3.2 Cause-and-Effect Diagram 732

15.4 Process Capability 734

15.4.1 Six Sigma Quality Program 738

15.5 Statistical Process Control 739

15.5.1 Control Charts 739

15.5.2 Other Types of Control Charts 742

15.5.3 Determining Process Statistics from Control Charts 743

15.6 Taguchi Method 743

15.6.1 Loss Function 744

15.6.2 Noise Factors 747

15.6.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 748

15.7 Robust Design 749

15.7.1 Parameter Design 749

15.7.2 Tolerance Design 755

15.8 Optimization Methods 755

15.8.1 Optimization by Differential Calculus 758

15.8.2 Search Methods 762

15.8.3 Nonlinear Optimization Methods 767

15.8.4 Other Optimization Methods 770

15.9 Design Optimization 772

15.10 Summary 774

New Terms and Concepts 775

Bibliography 775

Problems and Exercises 775

Chapter 16 Cost Evaluation 779

16.1 Introduction 779

16.2 Categories of Costs 780

16.3 Overhead Cost 784

16.4 Activity-Based Costing 787

16.5 Methods of Developing Cost Estimates 789

16.5.1 Analogy 790

16.5.2 Parametric and Factor Methods 790

16.5.3 Detailed Methods Costing 791

16.6 Make-Buy Decision 795

16.7 Manufacturing Cost 796

16.8 Product Profit Model 797

16.8.1 Profit Improvement 801

16.9 Refinements to Cost Analysis Methods 802

16.9.1 Cost Indexes 802

16.9.2 Cost-Size Relationships 803

16.9.3 Learning Curve 805

16.10 Design to Cost 808

16.10.1 Order of Magnitude Estimates 809

16.10.2 Costing in Conceptual Design 809

16.11 Value Analysis in Costing 811

16.12 Manufacturing Cost Models 814

16.12.1 Machining Cost Model 814

16.13 Life Cycle Costing 818

16.14 Summary 822

New Terms and Concepts 823

Bibliography 823

Problems and Exercises 823

Chapter 17 Legal and Ethical Issues in Engineering Design（see www.mhhe.com/dieter） 828

17.1 Introduction 828

17.2 The Origin of Laws 829

17.3 Contracts 830

17.3.1 Types of Contracts 830

17.3.2 General Form of a Contract 831

17.3.3 Discharge and Breach of Contract 832

17.4 Liability 833

17.5 Tort Law 834

17.6 Product Liability 835

17.6.1 Evolution of Product Liability Law 836

17.6.2 Goals of Product Liability Law 836

17.6.3 Negligence 837

17.6.4 Strict Liability 837

17.6.5 Design Aspect of Product Liability 838

17.6.6 Business Procedures to Minimize Risk of Product Liability 839

17.6.7 Problems with Product Liability Law 839

17.7 Protecting Intellectual Property 840

17.8 The Legal and Ethical Domains 841

17.9 Codes of Ethics 843

17.9.1 Profession of Engineering 844

17.9.2 Codes of Ethics 844

17.9.3 Extremes of Ethical Behavior 848

17.10 Solving Ethical Conflicts 848

17.10.1 Whistleblowing 850

17.10.2 Case Studies 851

17.11 Summary 852

New Terms and Concepts 854

Bibliography 854

Problems and Exercises 855

Chapter 18 Economic Decision Making（see www.mhhe.com/dieter） 858

18.1 Introduction 858

18.2 Mathematics of Time Value of Money 859

18.2.1 Compound Interest 859

18.2.2 Cash Flow Diagram 861

18.2.3 Uniform Annual Series 862

18.2.4 Irregular Cash Flows 865

18.3 Cost Comparison 867

18.3.1 Present Worth Analysis 867

18.3.2 Annual Cost Analysis 869

18.3.3 Capitalized Cost Analysis 870

18.3.4 Using Excel Functions for Engineering Economy Calculation 872

18.4 Depreciation 872

18.4.1 Straight-Line Depreciation 873

18.4.2 Declining-Balance Depreciation 874

18.4.3 Sum-of-Years-Digits Depreciation 874

18.4.4 Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System（MACRS） 874

18.5 Taxes 876

18.6 Profitability Of Investments 880

18.6.1 Rate of Return 880

18.6.2 Payback Period 882

18.6.3 Net Present Worth 882

18.6.4 Internal Rate of Return 883

18.7 Other Aspects of Profitability 887

18.8 Inflation 888

18.9 Sensitivity and Break-Even Analysis 891

18.10 Uncertainty in Economic Analysis 892

18.11 Benefit-Cost Analysis 894

18.12 Summary 896

New Terms and Concepts 898

Bibliography 898

Problems and Exercises 898