AMNESTY，HUMAN RIGHTS AND POLITICAL TRANSITIONS BRIDGING THE PEACE AND JUSTICE DIVIDEPDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

Defining ’Amnesty’ 3

Controversial Nature of Amnesty Laws 7

Amnesties， International Law and Legal Claims-making 7

Amnesties and the Views of Victims 10

Amnesties and Pragmatic Peacemaking 12

Amnesties and Dealing with the Past 13

Amnesty and Reconciliation 16

Trends in the Introduction of Amnesty Laws 18

Creating the Amnesty Law Database 22

Structure and Purpose of the Book 24

Part I Amnesties and Peacemaking： Context and Content 27

1Enacting Amnesties 29

Introduction 29

How are Amnesty Laws Introduced？ 30

Exercises of Executive Discretion 31

Negotiated Peace Agreements 32

Statutes 33

Public Consultation 34

Why Do States Introduce Amnesty？ 37

Amnesty as a Reaction to Internal Unrest and Domestic Pressure 41

Amnesty as a Tool for Peace and Reconciliation 46

Amnesty as a Response to International Pressure 61

Amnesty as a Cultural or Religious Tradition 63

Amnesty as Reparation 64

Amnesty as a Shield for State Agents 66

Repeated and ’Rolling’ Amnesties 68

Conclusion 71

2 Whom do Amnesties Protect？ The Personal Jurisdiction of Amnesty Laws 75

Introduction 75

Amnesties， Equality and the’Myth of Equivalency’ 76

How have States Distinguished between Offenders with Different Allegiances？ 82

State Agents 85

Opponents of the State 87

Non-Violent Political Prisoners 88

Exiles and Refugees 89

Foreign Nationals 91

Can an Offender’s Reasons for Committing a Crime Justify an Amnesty？ 92

Ideology and Political Offenders 93

Duress 96

Self Protection and Personal Gain 97

Victim-Perpetrator Axis 98

Importance of Rank： Should States distinguish different Levels of Responsibility 100

Amnesty for Subordinates？ 100

Amnesty for Superiors？ 102

Individual u Blanket Amnesties 110

Can Amnesties Prevent Individuals from Proving their Innocence？ 111

Conclusion 113

3 Granting Immunity？ The Material Scope of Amnesty Laws 117

Introduction 117

Which Crimes Are Granted Amnesty？ 118

Amnestying Atrocities？ Can States Amnesty Crimes under International Law？ 123

Should Amnesties Treat Political Crimes Differently？ 135

Impinging on Individual Rights： Amnesties for Crimes Against Civilians and Combatants who are Hors de Combat 144

Do States Amnesty Economic Crimes？ 145

Restricting Amnesties and the Scope of the Duty to Prosecute 148

Conclusion 150

4 Towards Greater Accountability： The Role of Conditional Amnesties 153

Introduction 153

Which Conditions are Attached to Amnesties？ 154

Amnesty for Surrender and Disarmament 156

Application Deadlines for Amnesties 159

Amnesty and Repentance 160

Amnesty and the Search for Truth 163

Amnesty and Repairing the Harm 171

Amnesty and Restorative Approaches to Justice 184

Lustration and Vetting Procedures and Amnesty 189

Enforcing Conditions and the Potential of Temporary Amnesties 192

Conclusion 197

Part Ⅱ Approach of Courts to Amnesties 201

5 Implementing the Amnesty： The Approach of National Courts 203

Introduction 203

Trends in the Responses of National Courts to Amnesty Laws 204

How have National Courts explained their Approach to Amnesty Laws？ 209

Legality of Amnesty Processes Under Municipal Law 210

Legality of Amnesty Processes Under International Law 218

Adhering to the Separation of Powers Doctrine 232

Learning from Experiences Elsewhere 236

Promoting Peace and Reconciliation 239

Disclosing or Concealing the Truth 241

Conclusion 244

6 International Courts and National Amnesty Laws 247

Introduction 247

Whom do International Courts Hold Accountable？ 248

Who has Standing？ 252

When do International Courts have Jurisdiction to Rule on National Amnesties？ 253

Potential to Create Change： How the Rulings of International Courts Can Affect National Amnesties？ 261

Amnesties and Victims’ Rights： The Verdicts of the International Courts 262

Right to a Remedy 263

Duty to Investigate 266

Duty to Prosecute and Punish 270

Right to Reparations 277

Potential Approach of the International Criminal Court 279

Security Council Deferral （Article 16） 282

Complementarity （Article 17） 282

Non bis in idem （Article 20） 285

Prosecutorial Discretion （Article 53） 286

Conclusion 291

7 Beyond Territoriality： Transnational Prosecutions and Amnesties 293

Introduction 293

Jurisdiction of Courts in Third States to Rule on Amnesties Introduced Elsewhere 294

Treaty Law 295

Customary International Law 299

Domestic Law 302

Scope of Universal Jurisdiction within Third States 304

Role of Subsidiarity 304

Executive Discretion 308

Nexus Requirement’ and In Absentia Prosecutions 309

Selectivity 311

Ripple Effect’： The Impact of Investigations in Third States on National Amnesties 311

Conclusion 314

Part Ⅲ Views of Stakeholder Groups 317

8 Legal Obligations u Self-interest： The Contradictory Approach of International Actors to Amnesty 319

Introduction 319

What Motivates International Actors’ Decisions on Involvement in Domestic Amnesty Processes？ 321

Attitudes of International Actors towards Amnesties 327

Diplomatic Pressure 331

Economic Pressure 340

Legal Pressure 342

Military Pressure 350

Conclusion 351

9 Prioritising Needs： Amnesties and the Views of Victims 355

Introduction 355

Research on Victims 356

Identifying Victims and their Needs 358

How do Amnesty Laws Affect Victims？ 365