International environmental lawPDF电子书下载

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER Ⅰ:OBJECT AND NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 9

A.The Purpose of International Environmental Law 9

B.A Functional Approach 18

C.The Right to Environment 21

CHAPTER Ⅱ:BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 33

A.The Origins of International Environmental Law 33

B.Formation of Environmental Law 36

C.Evolution After the Stockholm Conference 41

D.The World Charter for Nature 46

E.Economic Development and the Environment 48

CHAPTER Ⅲ:INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL COOPERATION 55

A.Functions 56

B.Division of Labor 57

C.Global Organizations 58

1.United Nations 58

2.UNESCO 64

3.Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） 64

4.World Health Organization （WHO） 66

5.World Meteorological Organization （WMO） 67

6.International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA） 67

7.International Maritime Organization （IMO） 68

8.International Labor Organization （ILO） 69

9.Other Global Intergovernmental Organizations 70

10.Global Nongovernmental Organizations 70

a.World Conservation Union （IUCN） 70

b.Worldwide Fund for Nature （WWF） 72

D.Regional Organizations 73

1.United Nations Economic Commission for Europe（UNECE） 74

2.The Council of Europe 75

3.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-opment （OECD） 77

4.The European Communities 78

5.Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe（CSCE） 84

6.Organization of American States （OAS） 85

7.South Pacific Regional Organizations 89

E.Subregional and Bilateral Organizations 91

CHAPTER Ⅳ:THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 95

A.International Conventions Concerning Environmental Protection 96

1.Measures of Implementation 98

2.Supervising Implementation 99

3.Simplified Amendment Procedures 101

4.Action Plans and Programs 102

5.Mechanisms and Organs of Cooperation 103

B.Customary International Law 105

C.General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations 107

D.Judicial Decisions and Teachings of the Most Quali-ed Publicists of the Different Nations 107

E.New Sources of Law 108

1.Binding Resolutions 109

2.Nonbinding Resolutions 110

CHAPTER Ⅴ:INTERNATIONAL COMMON LAW OF THE ENVIRONMENT 115

A.The Traditional Approach: Transfrontier Pollution 116

1.Definition of Transfrontier Pollution 116

2.Applicable Rules of International Law 119

a.Claims of Absolute Sovereignty 119

b.Abuse of Rights 120

c.The Right Not to Suffer Damage 121

d.Specific Rules Relating to Transfrontier Pollution 129

B.Towards Global Norms 144

CHAPTER Ⅵ:REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECTORS 155

A.Legal Techniques Common to Different Sectors 155

B.Protection of the Marine Environment against Pollu- tion 159

1.Framework 159

2.Historical Evolution 162

3.Rights and Duties of States in the Law of the Sea Convention 168

4.Combatting Different Forms of Pollution 174

a.Vessel-source Pollution 174

b.Atmospheric Pollution 178

c.Dumping of Wastes 180

d.Pollution Resulting from Exploration and Exploi- tation of the Deep Seabed 186

e.Land-based Pollution 189

f.Emergency Situations 194

g.Intervention on the High Seas 200

h.Responsibility and Damages for Harm Caused by Marine Environmental Pollution 201

C.Protecting Inland Waters 202

1.Elements of a General Regime 204

2.Unification of Norms Applicable to International Waterways: EEC Law 210

3.Case Studies 214

a.The Rhine 214

b.United States-Mexico Boundary Waters 223

D.Combatting Air Pollution 227

1.Global Norms 231

2.Regional Regulation 233

E.The Protection of Wildlife 239

1.Basic Concepts 239

2.Global Conventions with Specific Means of Protec- tion 243

3.Comprehensive Regional Conventions 268

4.Regulations Aimed at the Protection of Specific Animal Species or Groups of Species 284

5.Conservation Methods 298

6.A Framework Convention on Biological Diversity 304

CHAPTER Ⅶ:TRANSSECTORAL PROBLEMS 307

A.Toxic or Dangerous Products 308

1.Production 309

2.Marketing 310

3.Notification 311

4.Special Products and Groups of Products 312

5.Regulating the Risk of Accident 312

B.Toxic or Dangerous Wastes 313

1.Waste Management 314

2.Transfrontier Movement of Toxic or Dangerous Waste 320

a.General Principles 320

b.General Obligations of States 322

c.Means of Transporting Hazardous Wastes 323

d.Liability and Compensation for Damage 323

3.European Community Regulations 324

4.North-South Issues 325

5.The Basel Convention 326

C.Radioactivity 328

1.IAEA Regulations 329

a.Governmental Organization 330

b.Choice of Sites 330

c.Construction 330

d.Operation 330

e.Quality Controls 331

2.The Chernobyl Accident and its Legal Aftermath 331

D.Radioactive Wastes 337

E.Ozone Depletion 339

1.The Vienna Convention 340

2.The Montreal Protocol 340

3.Further Developments 341

F.Global Warming 342

CHAPTER Ⅷ:BREACHES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HARM 347

A.International Responsibility 348

1.Framework 348

2.Difficulties in Implementing State Responsibility 350

3.International Practice 360

B.The Problem of Compensating Victims 363

1.Compensation of Victims in Private International Law 364

2.Special Rules of Compensation 367

CONCLUSION 377

APPENDICES 385

Appendix A:Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment 385

Appendix B:UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 391

Appendix C:Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 403

Appendix D:Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and Protocols 419

Appendix E:The World Charter for Nature 437

Appendix F:Convention on the Law of the Sea （excerpts） 441

Appendix G:Convention for the Protection of the OzoneLayer and Protocol 467

Appendix H:ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 493

BIBLIOGRAPHY 507

INDEX 533