CRIMINOLOGY THE ESSENTIALSPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1. Criminology, Crime, and Criminal Law 1

What Is Criminology? 2

What Is Crime? 2

Crime as a Moving Target 2

Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms 3

Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes 4

Criminality 5

The Legal Making of a Criminal 6

What Constitutes a Crime? 6

An Excursion Through the American Criminal Justice System 7

A Short History of Criminology 10

The Role of Theory in Criminology 12

What Is Theory? 13

How to Think About Theories 14

Ideology in Criminological Theory 14

Connecting Criminological Theory and Social Policy 16

Summary 17

Discussion Questions 18

Useful Websites 19

Chapter Terms 19

Chapter 2. Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior 21

Categorizing and Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior 22

The Uniform Crime Reports: Counting Crime Officially 22

Cleared Offenses 25

Crime Trends 26

Problems With the UCR 28

NIBRS: The "New and Improved" UCR 29

Crime Victimization Survey Data and Their Problems 30

Areas of Agreement Between the UCR and NCVS 33

Self-Report Crime Surveys and Their Problems 33

White-Collar Crime: The FBI's Financial Crimes Report 35

The Dark Figure of Crime 36

What Can We Conclude About the Three Main Measures of Crime in America? 36

The FBI's Ten Most Wanted 38

Summary 39

Discussion Questions 39

Useful Websites 39

Chapter Terms 40

Chapter 3. The Early Schools of Criminologyand Modern Counterparts 41

Pre-Classical Notions of Crime and Criminals 42

The Classical School 42

Jeremy Bentham and Human Nature 43

The Rise of Positivism 44

Cartographic Criminology 45

Biological Positivism: Cesare Lombroso and the Born Criminal 45

Raffaele Garofalo: Natural Crime and Offender Peculiarities 46

Enrico Ferri and Social Defense 46

Neoclassicism: The Return of Choice and Deterrence 47

Rational Choice Theory 47

Evaluation of Neoclassical Theories 50

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Classical and Neoclassical Theories 51

What About Deterrence: Is the United States Hard or Soft on Crime? 52

Summary 54

Discussion Questions 54

Useful Websites 55

Chapter Terms 55

Chapter 4. Social Structural Theories 57

The Social Structural Tradition 58

The Chicago School of Ecology/Social Disorganization 58

Evaluation of Social Ecology/Social Disorganization Theory 61

The Anomie/Strain Tradition 61

Robert Merton's Extension of Anomie Theory 62

Institutional Anomie Theory 63

Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory 64

Subcultural Theories 65

Walter Miller's Theory of Focal Concerns 66

Evaluation of the Anomie/Strain and Subcultural Tradition 67

Gangs Today 68

Why Do Young People Join Gangs? 69

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Structural Theories 70

Summary 73

Discussion Questions 74

Useful Websites 74

Chapter Terms 74

Chapter 5. Social Process Theories 75

The Social Process Tradition 76

Differential Association Theory 76

Evaluation of Differential Association Theory 77

Ronald Akers' Social Learning Theory 79

Evaluation of Social Learning Theory 80

Social Control Theory 81

Travis Hirschi's Social Bond Theory 81

Gottfredson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory 82

Integrating Social Control and Self-Control Theories 84

Evaluation of Social Control and Self-Control Theories 85

Labeling Theory: The Irony of Social Reaction 85

Sykes and Matza's Neutralization Theory 86

Evaluation of Labeling and Neutralization Theories 87

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Process Theories 87

Summary 90

Discussion Questions 90

Useful Websites 91

Chapter Terms 91

Chapter 6. Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, and Feminist 93

The Conflict Perspective of Society 94

Karl Marx and Revolution 94

Willem Bonger: The First Marxist Criminologist 95

Modern Marxist Criminology 95

Conflict Theory: Max Weber, Power and Conflict 96

Peacemaking Criminology 98

Evaluation of Critical Theories 99

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Critical Theories 100

Feminist Criminology 100

The Concepts and Concerns of Feminist Criminology 100

Women's Liberation and Crime 102

Power-Control Theory 103

Structured Action Theory: "Doing Gender" 103

Other Explanations 105

Anne Campbell's Staying Alive Hypothesis 106

Evaluation of Feminist Theories 107

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Feminist Theories 108

Summary 108

Discussion Questions 109

Useful Websites 110

Chapter Terms 110

Chapter 7. Psychosocial Theories:Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior 111

The "Two Great Pillars of Psychology" 112

The IQ-Crime Connection 113

Temperament and Personality 114

Personality Traits Associated With Criminal Behavior 116

Conscience and Arousal 117

Cognitive Arousal 119

Glen Walters' Lifestyle Theory 120

The Antisocial Personalities 121

Evaluation of the Psychosocial Perspective 124

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Psychosocial Theories 125

Summary 125

Discussion Questions 126

Useful Websites 126

Chapter Terms 127

Chapter 8. Biosocial Approaches 129

The Biosocial Approach 130

Behavior Genetics 130

Gene-Environment Interaction and Correlation 131

Behavior Genetics and Criminal Behavior 132

Molecular Genetics 133

Evolutionary Psychology 134

The Evolution of Criminal Traits 135

The Neurosciences 137

Softwiring the Brain by Experience 137

Reward Dominance and Prefrontal Dysfunction Theories 139

Some Other Biosocial Risk Factors 140

Evaluation of the Biosocial Perspective 142

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Biosocial Theories 143

Summary 144

Discussion Questions 145

Useful Websites 145

Chapter Terms 146

Chapter 9. Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to Crime to Desistance 147

The Developmental Perspective 148

Risk and Protective Factors for Serious Delinquency 150

Patterns of Serious Delinquency 152

Major Developmental Theories 154

Robert Agnew's General or "Super Traits" Theory 154

David Farrington's Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) Theory 155

Terrie Moffitt's Dual Pathway Developmental Theory 156

Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Developmental Theory 157

Evaluation of Developmental Theories 161

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Developmental Theories 162

Summary 163

Discussion Questions 163

Useful Websites 164

Chapter Terms 164

Chapter 10. Violent Crimes 165

Violence in History 166

Murder 166

Legal Categories of Murder 167

Mass and Spree Murder 168

Serial Murder 170

Forcible Rape 175

Robbery 177

Aggravated Assault 179

Theories of Violence 180

Violence and Inequality 182

Summary 182

Discussion Questions 183

Useful Websites 184

Chapter Terms 184

Chapter 11. Terrorism 185

What Is Terrorism? 186

Is There a Difference Between Terrorists and Freedom Fighters? 187

The Extent of Terrorism 187

Terrorism and Common Crime 188

Al-Qaeda 190

Hizballah 190

Domestic Terrorism 191

Other Domestic Groups 193

Is There a Terrorist Personality? 195

Theories of Terrorism 196

Suicide Bombers 197

Law Enforcement Response and Government Policy 197

Summary 199

Discussion Questions 200

Useful Websites 200

Chapter Terms 200

Chapter 12. Property Crime 201

What Is a Property Offense? 202

Larceny-Theft 202

Burglary 204

Burglars and Their Motives 205

Choosing Burglary Targets 206

Disposing of the Loot 207

Motor Vehicle Theft 207

Arson 209

Crimes of Guile and Deceit: Embezzlement, Fraud,and Forgery/Counterfeiting 210

Cybercrime: Oh What a Tangled World Wide Web We Weave 212

Identity Theft 212

Denial of Service Attack: Virtual Kidnapping and Extortion 213

Who Are the Hackers? 214

Software Piracy 214

Summary 215

Discussion Questions 215

Useful Websites 215

Chapter Terms 216

Chapter 13. Public Order Crime 217

What Are Public Order Crimes? 218

Alcohol and Crime 218

The Effects of Alcohol and Context on Behavior 219

Drunk Driving 220

Alcoholism: Type I and Type Ⅱ 221

Illegal Drugs and Crime 223

The Extent of the Illicit Drug Problem 223

Drug Addiction 223

Drug Classification 225

The Drugs-Violence Link 225

What Causes Drug Abuse? 226

Does Drug Abuse Cause Crime? 227

Prostitution and Commercialized Vice 228

Becoming a Prostitute 229

Should Prostitution Be Legalized/Decriminalized? 230

Summary 231

Discussion Questions 232

Useful Websites 232

Chapter Terms 232

Chapter 14. White-Collar and Organized Crime 233

The Concept of White-Collar Crime 234

Occupational Crime 234

Causes of Occupational White-Collar Crime: Are They Different? 235

Corporate Crime 235

Theories About the Causes of Corporate Crime 236

Law Enforcement Response to Corporate Crime 238

Organized Crime 239

What Is Organized Crime? 239

The Origins of Organized Crime in the United States 241

Other Organized Crime Groups 243

Theories of Organized Crime 246

Summary 247

Discussion Questions 248

Useful Websites 248

Chapter Terms 248

Chapter 15. Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization 249

The Emergence of Victimology 250

Who Gets Victimized? 251

Victimization in the Workplace and School 252

Child Molestation: Who Gets Victimized? 253

Domestic Violence Victimization 254

Victimization Theories 256

Victim Precipitation Theory 257

Routine Activities/Lifestyle Theory 258

Is Victimology "Blaming the Victim"? 260

The Consequences of Victimization 260

Victimization and the Criminal Justice System 263

Crime Victims' Bill of Rights 263

Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs 263

Summary 264

Discussion Questions 265

Useful Websites 265

Chapter Terms 265

Glossary 267

References 276

Photo Credits 292

Index 293

About the Author 311