JUSTICE IN GENETICSPDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

The global health challenge 1

Why genetics? 3

Influence of genetics on global health 8

Benefit sharing 10

The structure of the book 15

PART Ⅰ A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DISTRIBUTION IN HEALTH 21

1 Global application of distributive justice: a cosmopolitan approach 21

Introduction 21

1.1 Distributive justice 22

1.1.1 What are the characteristics of a normative obligation of benefit sharing? 22

1.1.2 Global distributive justice 23

1.2 Cosmopolitanism: a way of envisioning global justice 24

1.2.1 Objections to cosmopolitanism 32

1.2.2 Reasons for envisioning distributive justice on a global scale: a response 37

Conclusion 46

2 An argument for global distribution in health 47

Introduction 47

2.1 Conception of health justice 47

2.1.1 Promoting health to avoid serious harm and allow normal functioning 51

2.1.2 Avoidance of harm and normal functioning: crucial aspects of equality of opportunities 56

2.1.3 Global perspective on health 60

2.2 Normative grounds to operate distribution and premises upon which to claim health equity and fairness 63

2.2.1 What can constrain distribution in health? What kinds of responsibilities do the affluent of the world have towards the global disadvantaged? 63

2.2.2 Rights (to equality in opportunities) 63

2.2.3 Obligations/duties (to redress distributive injustice) 68

Conclusion 81

PART Ⅱ SOME NORMATIVE TOOLS FOR DISTRIBUTION IN HEALTH 85

How does our normative theory of distribution translate into positive law now? The cases of intellectual property and international human rights law 85

3 International intellectual property law: a first tool? 87

Introduction 87

Introduction to intellectual property 87

3.1 The patent system 90

3.1.1 Human genetic material: patentable substance? 93

3.1.2 National and international patent rights 95

3.2 Some theoretical justification for the institution of patents 98

3.2.1 What purpose is this system (as it exists today) designed to achieve? 98

3.2.2 Locke's labour theory 100

3.2.3 The utilitarian justification of property 103

3.2.4 Drahos' economic power theory of IP 112

3.3 Global distribution, justice and the patent system: an assessment 116

3.3.1 Global access to genetic resources and international intellectual property rights 116

3.3.2 Patents and access in terms of availability and affordability 130

Conclusion 143

4 International human rights law: a second tool? 146

Do international human rights help or hinder the realisation of benefit sharing? 146

Introduction 146

4.1 The field of IHR law 147

4.1.1 Presentation 147

4.1.2 Theoretical and legal foundations of IHR 150

4.2 Distribution, access, justice and the IHR system: an assessment 157

4.2.1 The global/universal aspect of access to health in the context of the IHR system 157

4.2.2 Legal access to health, responsibility for distribution of health and human rights 168

4.3 The conceptualisation of human rights within the reality of the market 182

4.3.1 How is the institution of human rights shaped by the market and the powers in place? 182

Conclusion 190

Conclusion 194

Policy options to explore within the existing global structure 197

Broader long-term and inclusive options 202

Bibliography 207

Index 245