AFRICA AND THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA:A STUDY OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE AFRICAN STATES TO THEPDF电子书下载

Part Ⅰ INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL 3

Chapter 1 The Impact of African States on International Law 3

1.1 Emergent Africa: A General Survey 3

1.2 Sovereignty and Independence 5

1.3 The Attitudes of African States on International Law 7

1.4 Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources 13

1.5 The Law Relating to Succession of States 18

1.6 Decolonization 24

Notes 29

Part Ⅱ AFRICA AND THE THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LAW OF THE SEA 36

Chapter 2 The Seabed Area Beyond the Limits of Nation-al Jurisdiction 36

2.1 Prelude to Third UNCLOS Ⅲ 36

2.1.1 Awakening of national and international interest in the seabed area 36

2.1.2 The Maltese proposal 39

2.1.3 The resources and limits of the seabed area 43

2.2 The Evolving Legal Regime for the Seabed Area 46

2.2.1 Legal vacuum or lacuna? 46

2.2.2 The concept of the common heritage of mankind and the declaration of principles 49

2.3 Some Aspects of the International Seabed Regime and Machinery 57

2.3.1 Preliminary observations 57

2.3.2 International management of the area and its re-sources 59

2.3.2.1 The International Seabed Authority: issues and functions 59

2.3.2.2 The organs and structure of the Authority 64

2.3.2.3 The economic implications of seabed mining 68

2.4 The Problems of African Land-locked States Relative to the Seabed Area 74

2.5 The Quest for Peace and Development 76

2.5.1 Demilitarization and denuclearization of the sea-bed 76

Chapter 3 The Area within the Limits of National Jurisdic-tion 86

3.1 Territorial Sea 86

3.1.1 Nature and characteristics 86

3.1.2 The regime of innocent passage 88

3.1.3 The breadth and delimitation of the territorial sea 90

3.2 The Regime of Straits 97

3.3 The Continental Shelf 102

3.3.1 Sovereign rights of coastal states over natural re-sources 102

3.3.2 Delimitation of the continental shelf 106

3.3.3 The legal status of the superjacent waters 110

3.4 The Contiguous Zone 112

3.4.1 Nature and characteristics 112

3.4.2 Delimitation of the contiguous zone 114

3.5 The Exclusive Economic Zone Concept 116

3.5.1 Its evolution and nationalization 116

3.5.2 Nature and characteristics 123

3.5.3 Rights and duties of coastal states 127

3.5.3.1 Expression of economic rights of coastal states 127

3.5.3.2 Preservation and protection of the marine environment 129

3.5.3.3 Scientific research 134

3.5.4 Rights and duties of other states in the exclusive economic zone 137

3.5.4.1 The freedoms of navigation and overflight 137

3.5.4.2 The freedom of fishing 140

3.6 The Problems and Interests of African Land-locked States 142

3.6.1 A general survey 142

3.6.2 The right of access to and from the sea 145

3.6.3 Rights and duties of land-locked states over the resources of the exclusive economic zone 147

3.7 The Breadth and Delimitation of the Exclusive Econom-ic Zone 150

3.8 The Exclusive Economic Zones of Countries Under For-eign Domination 152

3.8.1 Prohibition of the exploitation of the resources 152

Notes 154

Chapter 4 The Legal Regime of the High Seas and the Work of the Third Committee 162

4.1 The Legal Regime of the High Seas 162

4.1.1 An overview 162

4.1.2 The freedoms of the high seas 164

4.2 The Resources of the High Seas and Other Economic Activities 168

4.2.1 The resources of the high seas 168

4.2.2 Shipping and navigation 172

4.3 The Preservation of the Marine Environment 175

4.3.1 Marine pollution 175

4.4 Marine Scientific Research and Transfer of Technology 179

4.4.1 Marine scientific research 179

4.4.2 Transfer of technology 183

4.5 Regionalism, International Institutions and Co-opera-tion 187

4.6 The Peaceful Uses of the High Seas 189

4.7 Settlement of Disputes 191

Notes 195

Chapter 5 Conclusion 199

5.1 Evaluation of African Participation and Contribution to UNCLOS Ⅲ 199

5.2 Contributions Falling Outside the Traditional Law of the Sea 202

5.2.1 The new international economic order 202

5.2.2 Decolonization 203

5.2.3 International law, relations and institutions 203

5.2.4 General and complete global disarmament 203

5.3 Contributions Falling under the Law of the Sea 203

5.3.1 Regime of the territorial sea and straits 204

5.3.2 The contiguous zone 204

5.3.3 The continental shelf 204

5.3.4 The Exclusive Economic Zone 204

5.3.5 Scientific research and transfer of technology 205

5.3.6 Marine pollution 205

5.3.7 The land-locked states 205

5.3.8 The seabed area 205

5.3.9 The high seas 206

5.4 Recommendations on the Implementation of UNCLOS Ⅲ Treaty 206

Notes 208

Appendices 209

General index 239

About the author 251