UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY CHOICES AND TRADEOFFSPDF电子书下载

Section One. The Challenges and the Setting 1

1. The Foreign Policy Challenge 3

The Objectives of Foreign Policy 4

The Instruments of Foreign Policy 10

Foreign Policy and the Political System 20

The Three Dilemmas of Foreign Policy 23

2. The International Environment 27

The Second World: The Politics of Hostility 28

The First World: Friendship and Its Limits 40

The Third World: Politics and Equity 45

Section Two. The Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy 55

3. Direction and Effects of Public Opinion 57

Political Animals and Prehistoric Monsters 57

Public Opinion on Foreign Policy Issues 61

The Public's Impact on Foreign Policy 69

4. The Role of Congress 79

Constitutional Provisions 80

The Era of Acquiescence 82

Congressional Resurgence 90

Future Directions 98

Appendix: Milestones in Congressional Foreign Policy Activism 102

5. The Presidency and the Bureaucracy 105

The Chief Executive 106

The Major Institutions 108

Foreign Policy Making in the Executive Branch 121

6. Interest Groups 131

How Interest Groups Operate 133

Business Groups 135

The Farm Lobbies 139

Organized Labor 140

Ethnic Lobbies 142

Lobbies for Foreign Governments 144

"Public Interest" Groups 145

Conclusions 147

Section Three. Friends and Adversaries 151

7. Sources of Conflict and Cooperation 153

Hostility: Initiating Causes 154

Hostility: Reinforcing Causes 161

The Bases of Friendship 166

Interaction and Reciprocity 171

8. The Causes of U.S.-Soviet Rivalry 177

Initiating Causes 179

Reinforcing Causes 194

The Outlook 199

Appendix: Milestones in U.S.-Soviet Relations 201

9. Friendship and Friction in the Western Alliance 205

The Foundation of Cooperation 205

The Sources of Tension 210

The Alliance in Perspective 222

10. Interventions in the Third World 227

Recent Instances of Intervention 227

The Uses and Costs of Military Force 233

The Dynamics of Escalating Involvement 238

Conclusions 248

Appendix: Major U.S. Military Interventions since World War II 249

Section Four. War and Peace 253

11. Nuclear War: Consequences and Causes 255

Physical Effects of Nuclear Weapons 256

Effects on the Society and Economy 258

Nuclear War by Accident 262

The Preemptive Strike 266

Escalation from a Conventional War 270

Reducing the Risk of Nuclear War 276

Conclusions 280

12. Weapons and Doctrines 283

Trends in Weaponry 283

The Strategic Balance 286

Strategic Doctrine 288

The Search for Strategic Defense 303

13. Controlling the Arms Race 309

The Arms Control Record 310

The Dynamics of the Arms Race 317

The Conditions for Arms Control 323

Appendix: Principal Arms Control Agreements Signed by the United States 328

Section Five. National Prosperity and International Welfare 331

14. Economic Relations in the Developed World 333

The Advantages of Free Trade 334

The Economic Order after World War II 336

The Emergence of Neomercantilism 339

Neomercantilism and Politics 342

Dealing with Neomercantilism 346

15. Problems of Third World Development 353

The Postwar Years 355

"All Good Things Go Together" 357

Assertiveness in the Third World 359

Dependency Theory 361

The NIEO 365

U.S. Economic Interests in the Third World 368

Section Six. Conclusions 373

16. Looking Back and Looking Ahead 375

Foreign Policy and Democracy 375

Security, Peace, and Military Force 379

National and International Prosperity 386

The Issue of Human Rights 389

Index 395