CHAPTER Ⅰ BACTERIA 1
Saprophytic Luminous Species 1
Classification 6
Parasitic Luminous Species 9
Symbiotic Luminous Species 10
Structure 11
Purpose of the Light;Uses to Man 14
Immune Reactions 14
Bacteriophage 17
Culture Media and Metabolism 18
Carbohydrates and Polyhydric Alcohols 19
Organic Acids 21
Nitrogen Sources 22
Growth Curves 24
Mutants 26
Luciferin-luciferase Reaction 30
Enzymes 32
Relation to Oxygen 33
Luminous Bacteria as Tests for Oxygen 34
Luminescence and Oxygen Pressure 36
Respiration and Oxygen Pressure 37
Bacterial Luminescence and Cell Respiration 38
Flash Kinetics 42
Mechanism of Light Emission 46
Reducing Action 47
Relation to pH 50
Osmotic Pressure 53
Effect of Salts 54
Permeability 58
Effect of Radiation 59
Visible Light 59
Ultraviolet 61
X-rays,Radium Rays,etc 63
Electrons,Ionized Air,etc 64
Effect of High-frequency Sound Waves 64
Effect of Temperature 64
Very Low Temperatures 66
Very High Temperatures 66
Luminescence-temperature Curve 67
The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure 70
Action of Drugs 72
Narcotics and Anesthetics 75
Sulfa Drugs 76
Quinones 77
Antibiotics 78
Alkaloids and Glucosides 79
Hormones 79
Dyes 80
Dinitrophenols 80
Cyanide 81
Carbon Monoxide 81
Azide 82
Arsenite 83
Iodoacetate 83
Fluoride 83
Pyrophosphate 83
Heavy Metals 83
Effect of Heavy Water 85
Intensity of Light Emission 85
Spectral Distribution 87
The Emission Spectrum 87
Penetrating Radiation 90
Biological Effects 90
Efficiency of Light Production 91
CHAPTER Ⅱ FUNGI 96
Introduction 96
Distribution of Luminescence;Classification 97
Ascomycetes 99
Basidiomycetes,Agaricales 99
Basidiomycetes,Phallales 107
Genetic Studies 108
Histology 110
Nutritional Requirements 110
Relation to Oxygen 112
Effect of Temperature 113
Effect of Light 114
Effect of Drugs 114
Biochemistry 115
Physical Properties 116
CHAPTER Ⅲ PROTOZOA AND PORIFERA 118
PROTOZOA 118
Classification 118
Radiolaria 119
Structure 121
Physiology and Biochemistry 121
Dinoflagellates 122
Colored Sea Water and Luminescence 124
Possible Luminescence of Fresh Water Flagellates 126
Classification 126
Day and Night Rhythms of Luminescence 128
Use of Light 129
Morphology 130
Physiology 130
Noctiluca miliaris 132
Structure 133
Regulation of Density 135
Tentacle Movement and Contractility 136
Luminescence 137
Biochemistry 144
Physical Characteristics 145
PORIFERA 145
CHAPTER Ⅳ CNIDARIA 148
CLASSIFICATION 148
HYDROZOA 149
Hydroids 151
Hydromedusae 153
Histology 154
Physiology 157
Biochemistry 157
Siphonophora 158
SCYPHOZOA 160
Introduction 160
Histology 162
Physiology 163
Electrical Stimulation 163
Ion Effects 164
Effect of Illumination 166
Biochemistry 167
ANTHOZOA 168
Alceonacea and Gorgonacea 169
Pennatulacea 170
Luminescence of Zoophytes 170
Histology 171
Excitation and Transmission 173
Inhibition 175
Electroluminogram 176
Effect of Salts 176
Effect of Illumination 177
Action of Drugs 178
Biochemistry 178
Physical Characteristics 180
CHAPTER Ⅴ CTENOPHORA 181
Introduction 181
Luminescent Eggs 183
Morphology 185
Histology 186
Physiology 187
Effect of Illumination 189
Relation to Oxygen 193
Biochemistry 193
CHAPTER Ⅵ MISCELLANEOUS SMALL GROUPS 195
TURBELLARIA 195
NEMERTINEA or RHYNCHOCOELA 196
Introduction 196
Histology 197
Physiology and Biochemistry 198
ROTATORIA 199
POLYZOA(BRYOZOA ECTOPROCTA) 199
CHAETOGNATHA 201
ENTEROPNEUSTA OR HEMICHORDATA 202
Histology 203
Physiology 204
Biochemistry 204
CHAPTER Ⅶ ANNELIDA 206
INTRODUCTION 206
POLYCHAETA 207
Aphroditidae,Polynoinae 209
General 209
Histology 211
Physiology 214
Biochemistry 215
Alciopidae 216
Tomopteridae 216
Syllidae 218
Swarming Reactions 218
Histology 221
Biochemistry 222
Nereidae 223
Chaetopteridae 223
Histology 225
Physiology 228
Biochemistry 229
Use of Light 229
Cirratulidoe 230
Terebellidae 231
Histology 232
Biochemistry 233
OLIGOCHAETA 233
General 233
Region of Luminescence 234
Use of Light 236
Physiology 236
Relation to Luminous Bacteria 237
Biochemistry 238
CHAPTER Ⅷ MOLLUSCA EXCEPT CEPHALOPODA 242
CLASSIFICATION 242
GASTROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA 243
Pteropods 244
Nudibranchs 244
Plocamopherus 245
Kaloplocamus 248
Phyllirho? 248
GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIATA 253
Doliacea 253
Heteropoda 253
GASTROPODA PULMONATA 254
Dyakia striata 255
Latia neritoides 256
PELECYPODA OR BIVALVIA 259
Pholas dactylus 259
Histology 262
Biochemistry 264
Use of Light 267
Rocellaria grandis 267
CHAPTER Ⅸ CEPHALOPODA 269
INTRODUCTION 269
VAMPYROMORPHA 272
DECAPODA 274
Squid Associated with Luminous Bacteria 274
General 274
Histology 276
Bacteriology 278
Squid Producing a Luminous Secretion,Heteroteuthis dispar 281
Morphology and Histology 281
Biochemistry 282
Use of Light 283
Squid with Photophores and Intracellular Luminescence 283
Histology 289
Physiology 294
Biochemistry 295
OCTOPODA 296
CHAPTER Ⅹ CRUSTACEA 297
CLASSIFICATION 297
OSTRACODA 299
General 299
Life History 302
Histology 302
Luciferin and Luciferase 305
Relation to Oxygen 306
Oxidized Luciferin and Reversibility of the Reaction 307
Specificity of Luciferin and Luciferase 309
Purification of Luciferin 310
Properties of Purified Luciferin 312
Effect of Light 313
Relation to Adenosine Triphosphate 314
Structure of Luciferin 314
Properties of Oxidized Luciferin 317
Luciferin-Luciferase Combination 317
Purification of Luciferase 318
Properties of Luciferase 318
Kinetics of Cypridina Luminescence 319
Methods 319
General Laws 321
Mechanism of Light Emission 324
Effect of Temperature 325
Effect of Pressure 327
Effect of H-Ion Concentration 327
Effect of Salts 328
Effect of Drugs and Narcotics 329
Effect of Heavy Water 329
Physical Characteristics of the Light 329
COPEPODA 331
General 331
Morphology and Histology 334
Biochemistry 335
ISOPODA 336
AMPHIPODA 337
MYSIDACEA 340
EUPHAUSIACEA OR SCHIZOPODA 341
General 341
Histology 344
DECAPODA 345
General 345
Histology 349
Physiology 352
Biochemistry 353
CHAPTER Ⅺ ARACHNOIDEA AND MYRIAPODA 355
ARACHNOIDEA 355
Araneae 356
Pycnogonida 357
MYRIAPODA 357
Diplopoda 358
Chilopoda 359
Luminescence and Breeding Season 361
Use of the Light 362
Morphology and Histology 362
Physiology and Biochemistry 364
CHAPTER Ⅻ INSECTA EXCEPT COLEOPTERA 366
Classification 366
Collembola 367
Orthoptera 371
Isoptera 371
Ephemeroptera 372
Hemiptera 372
Lepidoptera 376
Luminous Caterpillars 376
Adult Moths 377
Arctia caja 378
Diptera 379
Midges 380
Ceroplatus 381
Platyura 382
The New Zealand Glow-worm 384
Hymenoptera 387
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ COLEOPTERA 389
INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION 389
CANTHAROIDEA OR MALACODERMATA 391
Lampyridae 392
Fossils 394
Morphology 394
Eggs and Embryology 396
Aquatic Fire-Fly Larvae 400
Habits and Bionomics 401
Histology 407
Physiology and Time Relations of the Flash 415
Mechanism of Flashing 419
Relation to Oxygen 421
Microscopic Observation of Light Emission 426
Action Potentials 427
Thermal Changes during a Flash 427
Temperature and Luminescence 428
Effect of Pressure 430
Effect of Light 431
Effect of Various Substances 432
Luciferin and Luciferase 435
Adenosine Triphosphate 436
Purification and Properties of Luciferin 437
Luciferase 439
The Photogenic System in Different Fire-Flies 439
Luciferesceine 439
Flavin 441
Lampyrine 443
Enzymes 443
Physical Properties of the Light 444
Phengodidae 447
Rhagophthalmidae 450
Drilidae 451
Diplocladon,theStar Worm 451
Phrixothrix,theRailroad Worm 452
ELATEROIDEA 460
Elateridae 460
Histology 463
Physiology 463
Biochemistry 467
Physical Properties 469
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ ECHINODERMATA 472
Classification 472
Cases of Doubtful Luminosity 472
Ophiuroidea 473
Biology 474
Histology 476
Physiology 477
Biochemistry 478
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ TUNICATA OR UROCHORDATA 480
CLASSIFICATION 480
LARVACEA 481
THALIACEA 482
Pyrosoma 483
Histology and Embryology 484
Physiology 486
Biochemistry 488
Physical Characteristics of the Light 490
Salpa 490
Histology 491
ASCIDIACEA 493
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ PISCES 494
INTRODUCTION 494
CHIMAERAE OR HOLOCEPHALI 496
ELASMOBRANCHII 496
Sharks 496
Observations of Luminescence 496
Histology 500
Physiology and Biochemistry 500
Rays 502
TELEOSTOMI 502
Accessory Eyes 502
Observation of Luminescence 503
Distribution of Luminous Deep Sea Fish 504
Classification 507
Fossil Luminous Fish 509
Teleosts of Doubtful Luminosity 509
Distribution of Light Organs 511
Fish with Open Glands,Mostly Containing Luminous Bacteria 512
Anacanthini,Macrouridae 513
Anacanthini,Gadidae 517
Bercycomorphi,Monocentridae 518
Bercycomorphi,Anomalopidae 520
Percomorphi,Acropomatidae 525
Percomorphi,Leiognathidae 526
Percomorphi,Serranidae 528
Pediculati 528
Lyomeri,Saccopharyngidae 533
Fish with Skin Photophores 535
Haplodoci,Batrachoididae 535
Isospondyli and Iniomi 539
ADDENDA 555
BIBLIOGRAPHY 556