INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS SECOND EDITIONPDF电子书下载

1 SOME INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS 1

1.1 The Simple Steam Power Plant 2

1.2 Fuel Cells 4

1.3 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 6

1.4 The Thermoelectric Refrigerator 6

1.5 The Air Separation Plant 8

1.6 The Gas Turbine 9

1.7 The Chemical Rocket Engine 11

1.8 Other Applications and Environmental Issues 12

2 SOME CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 14

2.1 A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume 15

2.2 Macroscopic versus Microscopic Point of View 16

2.3 Properties and State of a Substance 17

2.4 Processes and Cycles 18

2.5 Units for Mass，Length，Time，and Force 19

2.6 Energy 21

2.7 Specific Volume and Density 23

2.8 Pressure 25

2.9 Equality of Temperature 31

2.10 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 31

2.11 Temperature Scales 31

Homework Problems 34

3 PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE 38

3.1 The Pure Substance 39

3.2 Vapor—Liquid—Solid-Phase Equilibrium in a Pure Substance 40

3.3 Independent Properties of a Pure Substance 46

3.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties 46

3.5 Thermodynamic Surfaces 53

3.6 The P—V—T Behavior of Low- and Moderate-Density Gases 56

3.7 The Compressibility Factor 57

3.8 Equations of State 62

3.9 Computerized Tables 63

3.10 How-To Section 64

Homework Problems 69

4 WORK AND HEAT 74

4.1 Definition of Work 75

4.2 Units for Work 76

4.3 Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System 77

4.4 Other Systems That Involve Work 86

4.5 Concluding Remarks Regarding Work 88

4.6 Definition of Heat 90

4.7 Heat Transfer Modes 91

4.8 Comparison of Heat and Work 92

4.9 How-To Section 94

Homework Problems 96

5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 102

5.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Mass Undergoing a Cycle 103

5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State of a Control Mass 104

5.3 Internal Energy—A Thermodynamic Property 110

5.4 Problem Analysis and Solution Technique 111

5.5 The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy 114

5.6 The Constant-Volume and Constant-Pressure Specific Heats 117

5.7 The Internal Energy，Enthalpy，and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases 119

5.8 The First Law as a Rate Equation 124

5.9 Conservation of Mass 126

5.10 How-To Section 127

Homework Problems 129

6 FIRST-LAW ANALYSIS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME 138

6.1 Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume 138

6.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume 141

6.3 The Steady-State Process 144

6.4 Examples of Steady-State Processes 146

6.5 The Transient Process 159

6.6 How-To Section 166

Homework Problems 170

7 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 180

7.1 Heat Engines and Refrigerators 181

7.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 186

7.3 The Reversible Process 189

7.4 Factors That Render Processes Irreversible 190

7.5 The Carnot Cycle 193

7.6 Two Propositions Regarding the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle 195

7.7 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 197

7.8 The Ideal-Gas Temperature Scale 197

7.9 Ideal versus Real Machines 201

Homework Problems 206

8 ENTROPY 211

8.1 The Inequality of Clausius 212

8.2 Entropy—A Property of a System 216

8.3 The Entropy of a Pure Substance 217

8.4 Entropy Change in Reversible Process 219

8.5 The Thermodynamic Property Relation 224

8.6 Entropy Change of a Solid or Liquid 225

8.7 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas 226

8.8 The Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas 230

8.9 Entropy Change of a Control Mass During an Irreversible Process 233

8.10 Entropy Generation 235

8.11 Principle of the Increase of Entropy 237

8.12 Entropy as a Rate Equation 240

8.13 How-To Section 241

Homework Problems 245

9 SECOND-LAW ANALYSIS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME 254

9.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume 254

9.2 The Steady-State Process and the Transient Process 256

9.3 The Steady-State Single Flow Process 263

9.4 Principle of the Increase of Entropy 267

9.5 Efficiency 269

9.6 Available Energy，Reversible Work，and Irreversibility 275

9.7 Availability and Second-Law Efficiency 281

9.8 Some General Comments About Entropy and Chaos 286

9.9 How-To Section 288

Homework Problems 292

10 GAS MIXTURES 302

10.1 General Considerations and Mixtures of Ideal Gases 302

10.2 A Simplified Model of a Mixture Involving Gases and a Vapor 309

10.3 The First Law Applied to Gas—Vapor Mixtures 312

10.4 The Adiabatic Saturation Process 315

10.5 Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures 317

10.6 The Psychrometric Chart 318

10.7 How-To Section 319

Homework Problems 323

11 POWER AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS 330

11.1 Introduction to Power Systems 331

11.2 The Rankine Cycle 333

11.3 The Regenerative Cycle 339

11.4 Deviation of Actual Cycles from Ideal Cycles 343

11.5 Cogeneration 347

11.6 Air-Standard Power Cycles 348

11.7 The Brayton Cycle 349

11.8 The Simple Gas-Turbine Cycle with a Regenerator 356

11.9 The Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion 358

11.10 Reciprocating Engine Power Cycles 360

11.11 The Otto Cycle 362

11.12 The Diesel Cycle 365

11.13 Introduction to Refrigeration Systems 368

11.14 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 369

11.15 Working Fluids for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems 372

11.16 Deviation of the Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle from the Ideal Cycle 372

11.17 The Air-Standard Refrigeration Cycle 375

11.18 Combined-Cycle Power and Refrigeration Systems 378

Homework Problems 382

12 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 393

12.1 Fuels 394

12.2 The Combustion Process 396

12.3 Enthalpy of Formation 404

12.4 First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems 406

12.5 Enthalpy of Combustion 410

12.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 413

12.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropy 415

12.8 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems 416

12.9 Fuel Cells 419

12.10 Chemical Equilibrium 421

12.11 How-To Section 426

Homework Problems 430

13 INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER 435

13.1 Heat Transfer Modes 435

13.2 Steady One-Dimensional Conduction 440

13.3 Extended Surfaces 450

13.4 Internal Energy Generation 458

13.5 Transient Heat Transfer 460

13.6 Convection Heat Transfer 463

13.7 Electronics Cooling 473

Homework Problems 478

CONTENTS OF APPENDIX 487

APPENDIX A SI UNITS：SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES 489

APPENDIX B SI UNITS：THERMODYNAMIC TABLES 509

APPENDIX C IDEAL GAS SPECIFIC HEAT 555

APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE 557

APPENDIX E FIGURES 561

APPENDIX F ENGLISH UNIT SUPPLEMENT 567

APPENDIX G ENGLISH UNIT TABLES 577

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 607

INDEX 613